Why Federal Communication Commission Has Legal Authority...

Alaina Case Professor Powers Final Paper JOUR 3060 Due Date: 4 May 2015 Section I In order to understand why Federal Communication Commission has legal authority to regulate media ownership and should be allowed to continue to regulate media ownership, you must first know the statues that gave way to the regulation. The FCC was created by the Communications Act of 1934. The Communications Act of 1934 replaced the Radio Act of 1927, and the FCC superseded the FRC (Federal Radio Commission). This act â€Å"called for the government to regulate in the public interest and foreign communications by radio and wire.† The FCC can be traced back to the Wireless Ship Act of 1910. The Wireless Ship Act of 1910 â€Å"required large ships to have wireless equipment and radio operators on board†¦made it illegal not to retransmit or answer wireless transmissions from ships.† This law was the first U.S. regulation on devices that used electromagnetic spectrum. The Chain Broadcasting Rules, was the first national ownership limit passed by the FCC in 1941 . These rules regulated major national radio networks, in relation to local stations. â€Å"These regulations also included a structural ownership rule limiting a radio network from owning more than one broadcast station within a market area, reflecting the Commission’s earlier presumption that a single entity holding more than one broadcast license in the same community contravened the public interest.† This idea was upheld in the Supreme CourtShow MoreRelatedFederal Communication Commissions1525 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Federal Communication Commissions 2014 meeting to review media ownership looms as 2013 approaches. With all the angst of a presidential election, the proverbial line in the sand has been drawn. On one side consumer groups vie for support to restrict ownership and on the opposing side are the media industries and its conglomerates opposing limitations and demanding deregulation. According to the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the FCC is required t o meet every 4 years to review ownership rulesRead MorePolitical, Cultural, Economic and Legal/Administrative Factors Affecting the Process and Structure of Mass Media in Kenya2764 Words   |  12 PagesECONOMIC AND LEGAL/ADMINISTRATIVE FACTORS AFFECTING THE PROCESS AND STRUCTURE OF MASS MEDIA IN KENYA Mass Media provide an arena of debate and a set of channels for making policies, candidates, relevant facts and ideas more widely known as well as providing politicians, interest groups and agents of government with a means of publicity and influence (McQuail, 2005). Politico-economic influences on the media Politico-economic factors that affect media include the idea of media ownership, media marketRead MoreComputer Technology And Marketing Approach3014 Words   |  13 PagesInternet has become one of important things in our daily lives so much that most people believe that government and private institution interference to accessing the Internet is an infringement to their constitutional right. As a consumer I do all my purchasing online, as most business do transactions online but I was surprised when I came across an article from Forbes.com entitled â€Å"How Small Business Owners Are Wrecking Their Own Chances of Success†, this article was basically questioning why someRead MoreImpact of Consumer Protection Agencie in Nigeria15948 Words   |  64 PagesCONSUMER PROTECTION AGENCIES IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF CPC, CAFON AND CEON BY AMZAT SHERIFFDEEN ADEWALE MATRIC NO: 06076963 A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FUFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION, FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, OLABISI ONABANJO UNIVERSITY, AGO-IWOYE, OGUN STATE. MARCH, 2012 CHAPTER ONE 1.0 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Consumer protection is defined as the efforts of the government and private organizations to ensureRead MoreEthical and Social Issues in Information Systems20165 Words   |  81 Pagesparents of District of Columbia public school children complained about buses running late or not showing up. A federal court appointed an independent transportation administrator and enlisted Satellite Security Systems, or S3, to track the movements of the district’s buses. S3 provides satellite tracking services to clients such as the District of Columbia, Fairfax County, state and federal government agencies, police departments, and private companies. These services equip each vehicle or person theyRead MoreCorporate Governance in Banking Sector of Bangladesh16146 Words   |  65 Pagesdifferent countries have verified how the lack of good governance practices in the financial institutions can lead to a crisis in the system leaving long-term consequences to the. Among the financial instituti ons, the corporate governance of banks has received very little attention only. In developing countries, banks have a dominant position in the financial systems and a discussion on corporate governance of banks required special attention. 1.2 Objectives of the Paper The main objectiveRead MoreCorporation (Fisch) Outline Penn Law Essay62808 Words   |  252 PagesCORPORATE DECISIONS 32 A.) The Role of the Shareholder 32 B.) Management Obligations 50 1.) Duty of Care 51 2.) Duty of Loyalty 56 3.) Duty of Fairness: Parent-Subsidiary Relationships 63 4.) Duty of Good Faith 64 5.) Management Obligations Under Federal Securities Laws 67 C.) Shareholder Litigation 76 IV.) Structural Changes 85 A.) Transactions in Control 85 B.) Mergers and Acquisitions 86 1.) Mergers 87 2.) Sale of Assets 93 3.) Asset Purchase or Tender Offer 94 C.) Public Control ContestsRead MoreArticle II: Declaration of Principles and State Policies16349 Words   |  66 PagesSovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them. A state is a community of persons more or less numerous permanently occupying a definite portion of territory independent of external control and possessing an organized government to which a body of inhabitants render habitual obedience. Four requirements for a government: †¢People †¢Territory †¢Sovereignty †¢Government State = legal concept / Nation = ethnic concept †¢Legal Sovereignty = the supreme power to make law. LodgedRead MoreThe Essential Component of Corporate Governance9749 Words   |  39 PagesOfficer, Global, CIPE Given ï ¬ nancial scandals and the resulting new mandates on business, ï ¬ rms ï ¬ nd themselves pressed to develop strong codes of ethics to guide the behavior of board members, managers, and employees. Although the concern with ethics has always been a part of doing business, business leaders today are beginning to think about ethics as a set of principles and guides of behavior rather than a set of rigid rules. In this sense, business ethics is not only an attempt to set a standardRead MoreHegemony and Discourse : Negotiating Cultural Relationships Through Media Production8970 Words   |  36 PagesJournalism http://jou.sagepub.com/ Hegemony and discourse : Negotiating cultural relationships through media production Michael Robert Evans Journalism 2002 3: 309 DOI: 10.1177/146488490200300302 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jou.sagepub.com/content/3/3/309 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Journalism can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jou.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jou.sagepub.com/subscriptions

Short Story Chapter 1 - 1085 Words

The pillow seemed to sink a little, and Johnny died. I looked towards Dally, his face turned ten times younger, his face, his hard, mean, face had tears rolling down it. â€Å"...Johnny†¦Ã¢â‚¬  his voice whispered faintly, but Johnny said nothing. He could not. Dally had a pained expression that only someone who knew him could recognize, his hands were in fists. â€Å"We’re leaving,† Dally demanded, â€Å"Wait† the nurse said jogging towards us, â€Å"Johnny wanted you to have this.† she handed me Gone With the Wind. I took it in my hands unwillingly. It would always be a reminder to me of what happened in that week, running away, saving the children from the fire, going to the hospital, Johnny dying. A tear rolled down my face, but I held it in because greasers†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"You alright?† Darry asked but there was no response, Dally just kept staring off into the distance. After about nine minutes of just sitting up on the couch, Dally spoke â€Å"Where’s Johnny?† â€Å"Don’t you remember?† Two-Bit asked, sounding concerned. Two-Bit was concerned, playful, joking Two-Bit. But Dally didn’t take this into consideration, he asked again, â€Å"where’s Johnny?† â€Å"He...he died Dally† Steve answered. I couldnt take much more of this without sobbing, so I went to my room, lay down on my bed, and cried, I cried because Johnny and my parents are dead, I cried because Dally was in denial, I just cried. Once I finally calmed down there was no more talking coming from the living room. I peeked my head out the door, Steve and Darry had gone to work, Soda stayed behind to watch over Dally, who was asleep on the couch again. Two-Bit probably went to get a coke. Soda spotted me, â€Å"Hey, come here† so I walked towards him and sat in a chair across from his. â€Å"I know it’s hard but we’ll get through it,† he said trying to be reassuring. â€Å"Soda, what’s wrong with Dally?† I said brushing away his comment. â€Å"He’s sad, that’s all† I looked down to my feet not knowing where to take this conversation. â€Å"You should do your homework before Darry gets home.† â€Å"Fine† I said unwillingly, and once again went to my room. I started on my math to get it over with, but my mind couldn’t focus and I started thinking about how life would be without Johnny, and maybe Dally. TheShow MoreRelatedShort Story : A Short Chapter : Chapter 1971 Words   |  4 PagesIse said nothing though she did raise an eyebrow. Naoko coughed nervously and continued, â€Å"It’s just an idea but I’d like to at least try it out to see if it’ll even work and since you’re said to be really god with kidÃ…  I thought you could help me.† Ise’s face still looked unamused though when she spoke there was a hint of interest in her voice, â€Å"How did you come up with that idea?† The teen shrugged, â€Å"I read about a weapon Quincies have used called Seele Schneider. It’s like a sword but made ofRead MoreShort Story : A Short Chapter : Chapter 11430 Words   |  6 Pagesher eyes, which were unable to see his in the darkness, then he checked to see Torins hand placed against her small waist more in reassurance than in having to hold her close to the wall. Once they reached the top landing, Duncan pulled the short braided rope attached to an old bronze ships bell. The clang rang off the stone walls which echoed loud enough to surly raise the dead at the very least to alert the household as was the intent. Duncan stepped back to let the door swing outward, whichRead MoreShort Story : A Short Chapter : Chapter 12137 Words   |  9 Pagesbrothers got in and went back to the motel. â€Å"Fay gets the bed,† Sam was about to protest when Dean quickly shut him up. â€Å"She stabbed a ghost in the eye twice, killed him, made friends with a ghost, and saved both our asses,† Fay just grabbed her black shorts and tank then walked into the bathroom. Stripping down, she turned on the hot water, letting the warmed rinse off the dirt and grime from the asylum. Turning off the water, she grabbed her toothbrush. As she got out the toothpaste there was a knockRead MoreShort Story : A Short Chapter : Chapter 12195 Words   |  9 Pageshappened to me would be considered within parameters. From there, they let me out of the machine and I faked being Sister long enough to be sent on my way.† Finishing off my water I set it down and nervously licked my lips. â€Å"And that’s basically my story. After leaving I got a new kit, put myself up in a hotel and over the next few days I wandered around, saw the city, did some research, and experimented a bit with being an Esper... Any questions?† Mikoto and Kuroko stared at each other and at Mikoto’sRead MoreShort Story Chapter 11266 Words   |  6 Pagesfright. Drakes smirk grew as he noticed this. You dont have a choice. As soon as those words made their way into the dead air he bolted towards the other boy. Shadow pushed Jace behind him and braced for the incoming attack, and not like other stories, this one hit its mark. He winced, and noted the body behind him. Activating the pipes in his calves he dashed towards a clearing only to take a fireball to the back. Come back and fight me coward! Drake was catching up fast. Shadow struggledRead MoreShort Story Chapter 1774 Words   |  4 PagesThey made it out of Viridian Forest not long after defeating that swarm of Beedrill. It was getting close to evening by the time they made it to the next route, so they stopped to make camp for the night. It would be another two hours before they could make it to Pewter City if they continued. It was safest to just make camp. They sat around the fire Spitfire had made for them. Misty was the only one who didnt release her Pokà ©mon. Rattata snuggled in Gabbys lap and ate from the bag of chips inRead MoreChapter 1 Short Story922 Words   |  4 Pagesfather’s council table. He looks to her for advice even in granting justice. Since her mother’s death, the Princess is more the Queen than anything els e. She might offer you some perspective.† Gwen nodded. She glanced toward the sky to see Sol just short of his zenith overhead. â€Å"Perhaps we should ride on then?† â€Å"We’d make Whitgate in a few hours. Perhaps we might find suitable lodgings afterwards?† Seeing Gwen’s reluctance to put her out further in her eyes, Blancheflor insisted, â€Å"You are my guestRead MoreChapter 1 : A Short Story1136 Words   |  5 PagesKaterina stepped out of the shadow of the filing cabinet. She pushed her hood down and swung her sniper off of her back before leaning it against the wall. â€Å"Hey Maria.† She said as she placed the suitcase onto agent Hills desk. The brunette glanced at her before she looked back to her computer screen and continued to type. â€Å"Hello, Shadow.† The young woman snorted and quickly appeared next Hill, slinging an arm over her shoulders. â€Å"Oh, don’t be like that. You know calling me ‘Agent Volkova’ overRead MoreShort Story : Chapter 1803 Words   |  4 Pages Lightning flared and thunder rumbled through the skies of Brogontis. Luke paid no attention to the looming storm. He sat alone at his rightful place at the throne, his eyes distant as he mourned the loss of Dooly, his mentor, master, but more than that, his friend. In the shadows, the king watched unable to help his great-grandson, suffering yet another loss of life. A burden to big for someone so young. â€Å"Is there anything I can do?† A voice in the shadows said to Alaba. It was Ebadah. â€Å"YouRead MoreChapter 1 : A Short Story1272 Words   |  6 Pagestheir way to the store. As they walked in Brock saw a group of people he wished he hadn’t. These people were participants in his dreadful childhood, most people called the ones who gave birth to him family. But, for Brock that was a different story, he disowned them as soon as he became old enough for people to consider him an adult. His only safe haven was his house. His house was his everything, one of the only things that made him feel complete. A scowl appeared on Brock’s face as he looked

Emerging Wireless Technologies Free Essays

string(60) " and handoff support among heterogeneous wireless networks\." A look into the future of wireless communications – beyond 3G Forward: The Public Safety Wireless Network (PSWN) Program is conducting an ongoing assessment of advancements in the wireless communications industry. The scope of this assessment is to identify emerging wireless services and technologies for potential public safety use in the near future and beyond. This particular document is the first of a series of emerging wireless technologies studies. We will write a custom essay sample on Emerging Wireless Technologies or any similar topic only for you Order Now This study will concentrate primarily on the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications and beyond. G – i. e. , an entirely packet switched network with all digital network elements and extremely high available bandwidth. For the most part, it is believed that 4G will bring true multimedia capabilities such as high-speed data access and video conferencing to the handset. It is also envisioned that 4G systems will be deployed with software defined radios, allowing the equipment to be upgraded to new protocols and services via software upgrades. 4G also holds the promise of worldwide roaming using a single handheld device. Wireless Generations At-a-Glance As with all technology progressions, the â€Å"next† upgrades must be in planning and development phases while its predecessors are being deployed. This statement holds true with all mobile telecommunications to date. It seems that it will also hold true for the next generations of wireless networks. The original analog cellular systems are considered the first generation of mobile telephony (1G). In the early 1980s, 1G systems were deployed. At the same time, the cellular industry began developing the second generation of mobile telephony (2G). The difference between 1G and 2G is in the signaling techniques used: 1G used analog signaling, 2G used digital signaling. As experience shows, the lead-time for mobile phone systems development is about 10 years. It was not until the early to mid 1990s that 2G was deployed. Primary thinking and concept development on 3G generally began around 1991 as 2G systems just started to roll out. Since the general model of 10 years to develop a new mobile system is being followed, that timeline would suggest 4G should be operational some time around 2011. 4G would build on the second phase Although the new, third generation (3G) wireless technology has not yet been implemented, leading companies in the industry are already laying the groundwork for what some are calling fourth generation (4G) technology. For the purposes of this article, 4G will be considered those technologies that are still in the planning stages and will not be deployed within the next five years. Researchers are continuing their ideas in the development of an undefined wireless world, which could become operational by 2010. The first generation (1G) and second generation (2G) of mobile telephony were intended primarily for voice transmission. The third generation of mobile telephony (3G) will serve both voice and data applications. There really is no clear definition of what 4G will be. It is generally accepted that 4G will be a super-enhanced version of of 3G, when all networks are expected to embrace Internet protocol (IP) technology. During the last year, companies such as Ericsson, Motorola, Lucent, Nortel and Qualcomm came up with â€Å"3G-plus† concepts that would push performance of approved, though still emerging, standards beyond current ones. Interoperability and the Evolution of Network Architectures One of the most challenging issues facing deployment of 4G technologies is how to make the network architectures compatible with each other. New signaling techniques are being designed specifically to enhance today’s second generation (2G) networks, deliver unprecedented functionality for 3G, and successfully drive the Fourth Generation (4G) of wireless, thus delivering immediate and long-term benefits to carriers. With the architecture of each generation of wireless devices addressed in the development of advanced technologies, carriers can easily evolve their systems without additional network modifications, significantly reducing costs and implementation time. Currently, different wireless technologies (e. g. , GSM, CDMA, and TDMA1) are used throughout the world for the 2G, 2. 5G, and eventually 3G networks. There are two approaches being used to develop 4G access techniques: 3xRTT (currently 1xRTT for 2. 5 and 3G) and Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA). These disparate access techniques currently do not interoperate. This issue may be solved with software defined radios. LinkAir Communications is developing a new access technology called large-area-synchronized code-division multiple access (LAS-CDMA). LASCDMA will be compatible with all current and future standards, and there is a relatively 1 GSM – Global System for Mobile Communications CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access TDMA – Time Division Multiple Access easy transition from existing systems to LAS-CDMA (using software defined radios). LinkAir emphasizes that LASCDMA will accommodate all the advanced technologies planned for 4G and that LASCDMA will further enhance either 3xRTT or W-CDMA system’s performance and capacity. Internet Speeds 2. 5G is the interim solution for current 2G networks to have 3G functionality. 2. 5G networks are being designed such that a smooth transition (software upgrade) to 3G can be realized. 2. 5G networks currently offer true data speeds up to 28kbps. In comparison, the theoretical speed of 3G can be up to 2 Mbps, i. e. , approximately 200 times faster than previous 2G networks. This added speed and throughput will make it possible to run applications such as streaming video clips. It is anticipated that 4G speeds could be as high as 100 Mbps. Thus, 4G will represent another quantum leap in mobile Internet speeds and picture quality. Ericsson confirms that 4G could bring connection speeds of up to 50 times faster than 3G networks and could offer three-dimensional visual experiences for the first time. The following graph represents what has been the typical progression of wireless communications: Quality of Service Challenges In wireless networks, Quality of Service (QOS) refers to the measure of the performance for a system reflecting its transmission quality and service availability (e. g. , 4G is expected to have at least a reliability of 99. 99%). Supporting QOS in 4G networks will be a major challenge. When considering QOS, the major hurdles to overcome in 4G include: varying rate channel characteristics, bandwidth allocations, fault tolerance levels, and handoff support among heterogeneous wireless networks. You read "Emerging Wireless Technologies" in category "Essay examples" Fortunately, QOS support can occur at the packet, transaction, circuit, and network levels. QOS will be able to be tweaked at these different operating levels, making the network more flexible and possibly more tolerant to QOS issues. Varying rate channel characteristics refers to the fact that 4G applications will have varying bandwidth and transition rate requirements. In order to provide solid network access to support the anticipated 4G applications, the 4G networks must be designed with both flexibility and scalability. Varying rate channel characteristics must be considered to effectively meet user demand and ensure efficient network management. Spectrum is a finite resource. In current wireless systems, frequency licensing and efficient spectrum management are key issues. In 4G systems, bandwidth allocations may still be a concern. Another concern is interoperability between the signaling techniques that are planned to be used in 4G (e. g. , 3xRTT, WCDMA). In comparison with current 2G and 2. 5G networks, 4G will have more fault tolerance capabilities built-in to avoid unnecessary network failure, poor coverage, and dropped calls. 4G technology promises to enhance QOS by the use of better diagnostic techniques and alarms tools. G will have better support of roaming and handoffs across heterogeneous networks. Users, even in today’s wireless market, demand service transparency and roaming. 4G may support interoperability between disparate network technologies by using techniques such as LAS-CDMA signaling. Other solutions such as software defined radios could also support roaming across disparate network technologies in 4G systems. These major challenges to QOS in 4G networks are currently being studied and solutions are being developed. Developers believe that QOS in 4G will rival that of any current 2G or 2. 5G network. It is anticipated that the QOS in 4G networks will closely approximate the QOS requirements in the wireline environment (99. 999% reliability). The emergence of next generation wireless technologies is going enhance the effectiveness of the existing methods used by public safety†¦ 4G Applications and Their Benefits to Public Safety One of the most notable advanced applications for 4G systems is locationbased services. G location applications would be based on visualized, virtual navigation schemes that would support a remote database containing graphical representations of streets, buildings, and other physical characteristics of a large metropolitan area. This database could be accessed by a subscriber in a moving vehicle equipped with the appropriate wireless device, which would provide the platform on which would appear a virtual representation of the environment ahead. For example, one woul d be able to see the internal layout of a building during an emergency rescue. This type of application is sometimes referred to as â€Å"Telegeoprocessing†, which is a combination of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) working in concert over a high-capacity wireless mobile system. Telegeoprocessing over 4G networks will make it possible for the public safety community to have wireless operational functionality and specialized applications for everyday operations, as well as for crisis management. The emergence of next generation wireless technologies will enhance the effectiveness of the existing methods used by public safety. 3G technologies and beyond could possibly bring the following new features to public safety: Virtual navigation: As described, a remote database contains the graphical representation of streets, buildings, and physical characteristics of a large metropolis. Blocks of this database are transmitted in rapid sequence to a vehicle, where a rendering program permits the occupants to visualize the environment ahead. They may also â€Å"virtually† see the internal layout of buildings to plan an emergency rescue, or to plan to engage hostile elements hidden in the building. Tele-medicine: A paramedic assisting a victim of a traffic accident in a remote location could access medical records (e. g. , x-rays) and establish a video conference so that a remotely based surgeon could provide â€Å"on-scene† assistance. In such a circumstance, the paramedic could relay the victim’s vital information (recorded locally) back to the hospital in real time, for review by the surgeon. Crisis-management applications: These arise, for example, as a result of natural disasters where the entire communications infrastructure is in disarray. In such ircumstances, restoring communications quickly is essential. With wideband wireless mobile communications, both limited and complete communications capabilities, including Internet and video services, could be set up in a matter of hours. In comparison, it may take days or even weeks to re-establish communications capabilities when a wireline network is rendered inoperable. Limitations of 4G Although the concept of 4G communications shows much promise, there are still limitations that must be addressed. One major limitation is operating area. Although 2G networks are becoming more biquitous, there are still many areas not served. Rural areas and many buildings in metropolitan areas are not being served well by existing wireless networks. This limitation of today’s networks will carry over into future generations of wireless systems. The hype that is being created by 3G networks is giving the general public unrealistic expectations of always on, always available, anywhere, anytime communications. The public must realize that although high-speed data communications will be delivered, it will not be equivalent to the wired Internet – at least not at first. If measures are not taken now to correct perception issues, when 3G and later 4G services are deployed, there may be a great deal of disappointment associated with the deployment of the technology, and perceptions could become negative. If this were to happen, neither 3G nor 4G may realize its full potential. Another limitation is cost. The equipment required to implement a nextgeneration network is still very expensive. Carriers and providers have to plan carefully to make sure that expenses are kept realistic. One technique currently being implemented in Asian networks is a Pay-Per-Use model of services. This model will be difficult to implement in the United States, where the public is used to a service-for-free model (e. g. , the Internet). Conclusions 4G networks may eventually deliver on all the promises. At times, it seems that technological advances are being made on a daily basis. These advances will make highspeed data/voice-over-Internet-protocol (VoIP) networks a reality. In the meantime, it is important for industry to develop a strong 3G offering that is palatable for the general public. Equally as important, industry must ensure that expectations are realistic and that services meet and exceed those expectations. If all goes according to what the industry envisions, it may be sooner, rather than later that we will see wireless communications evolve. This evolution will give the general public as well as the public safety community amazing functionality from the convenience of a single handheld device. Postscript: The purpose of this article is to introduce the reader to next-generation wireless communications. In coming articles, further developments in 4G (e. g. , services, billing, protocols, and standards) and other emerging wireless technologies will be presented in greater depth. References http://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/ptech/03/08/4G.world.idg/ http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1999/nsf9968/nsf9968.htm How to cite Emerging Wireless Technologies, Essay examples

Elements Of Successful Organizational Diversity Management Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Elementss of Successful Organizational Diversity Management Why is organisational diverseness of import? Historically, diverseness in the workplace has been recognized as an employment equity issue. Now, nevertheless, diverseness in the workplace is being recognized as a benefit that will lend to an organisation # 8217 ; s bottom line. Increased employee and client satisfaction terminal up as increased productiveness, all of which are mensurable results ( Goff, 1998 ) . Diverseness goes beyond employment equity to fostering an environment that values the differences and maximizes the potency of all employees, one that stimulates employee creativeness and innovativeness ( U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board ( U.S. MSPB ) , 1993 ) . To make an organisational civilization that supports work force diverseness involves several of import elements. These elements include a needs analysis, administrative and direction support and committedness, instruction and preparation, civilization and direction systems alterations and uninterrupted followup and rating. Needs Analysis In many of my resources, a needs analysis was the 2nd important component after senior direction support and committedness. I feel a needs analysis should be prepared foremost to supply information to senior direction in sequestering their support every bit good as to adequately find work force and organisational demands for making a diverse workplace. First, happen out what employees are concerned about. Most frequently used for this are focus groups and studies. The demands and outlooks of a diverse work force can change by organisational and functional degrees, location, ethnicity, and gender ( Baytos and Delatte, 1993 ) . Second, find the demands of the organisation. By inquiring certain inquiries, an organisation can find its demands based on its civilization and resources ( U.S. MSPB, 1993 ) . Does the organisation have problem retaining employees who would add to its diverseness? In an organisation with diverseness, which, if any, countries of the work force are being treated unsuitably? Has the organisation impressed upon its leaders and directors the benefits that come from pull offing diversene ss suitably? By utilizing a study that focuses on these inquiries you can determine where disposal and direction feel the organisation soon is sing diverseness. Administrative and Management Commitment and Support Administrative and direction support is critical for diverseness alteration attempts. An of import function for senior direction is to supply leading through development of a vision and ends for a diverse workplace ( Lapid-Bogda, 1992 ) . To derive support from disposal you need to straight associate diverseness to the concern. Be specific as to where the diverseness issues lie. Are they employee or client issues? Or both? Provide information sing the diverseness chances in the market place, work force and organisation ( Prism International, 2000 ) . Benchmarking best patterns related to diverseness from other organisations, demographic informations, briefings sing ailments, possible cases, and hiring and keeping jobs are all relevant beginnings of informations. In general, the organisations sing the greatest success with diverseness preparation are more likely to see diverseness as a concern issue instead than a societal issue ( Profiting from others # 8217 ; , 1994 ) . Link diverseness to other organisational enterprises, such as quality direction or calling development ( Lapid-Bogda, 1992 ) . Discuss both your initial appraisal of what will be required for execution and institutionalization of diverseness direction and the known elements in the organisation that will advance and/or hinder the successful accomplishment of diverseness direction ( Prism International, 2000 ) . Finally, administrative support and committedness is indispensable besides for the agencies to supply the plans and resources necessary for diverseness instruction and preparation. You # 8217 ; ll neer survive the first unit of ammunition of budget cuts without the support of disposal. Education and Training Organizations that successfully manage diverseness distinguish between the differences of instruction and preparation. Education is a edifice of consciousness and making a base of general apprehension. At the administrative and direction degrees, educational attempts can engender involvement and an consciousness of demand, which can so widen the alteration procedure throughout the organisation ( Baytos and Delatte, 1993 ) . Education provides a scene to specify issues, develop consistent linguistic communication and to discourse the nature and beginning of prejudices that hinder our ability to comprehend others clearly. Training involves activities designed to construct useable accomplishments. Training marks in on specific issues to develop the accomplishments necessary to efficaciously and sensitively cover with an issue. For illustration, preparation might learn directors how to carry on public presentation assessments with employees from a different civilization. By utilizing the information gathered during the demands analysis, an organisation can aim in on the specific diverseness issues they need to turn to with preparation. What has worked good for many organisations is to engage outside trainers for a short period of clip to # 8220 ; develop the trainer # 8221 ; and help with the initial preparation workshops. Outside trainers tend to be more nonsubjective and are more likely to have regard from employees, which is valuable in the initial diverseness preparation attempt. Before an organisation hires an outside trainer, it should exhaustively reexamine the trainer # 8217 ; s certificates. Ask for mentions, and follow up on them. It # 8217 ; s besides wise to inquire campaigners to fix a proposal that outlines how they will associate their preparation to the organisational civilization and concern scheme. The advantage of internal trainers is that they understand the organisation # 8217 ; s civilization and can pull off the preparation procedure ( Caudron, 1993 ) . Having developing plans conducted by a diverse group of trainers produces a more relevant, originative merchandise and one that demonstrates the organisation # 8217 ; s value of diverseness ( Gardenswartz and Rowe, 2000 ) . Compulsory preparation across all degrees sends a convincing message about the organisation # 8217 ; s committedness to diverseness and increases the likeliness that what lower-level employees learn will be role-modeled and reinforced by their directors. Findingss clearly indicate that it is the attending of directors, non employees, that makes the most positive impact on preparation results ( Profiting from others # 8217 ; , 1994 ) . If the preparation is non relevant to the demands of the work force, more injury than good may happen. For illustration, an organisation that had a big homosexual and sapphic population decided to carry on diverseness preparation without larning about the concerns and outlooks of the employees. Their preparation plan focused on racial issues ( which weren # 8217 ; t a job at this company ) and ignored homophobia ( which was a job ) . Gay employees left the preparation feeling as if direction didn # 8217 ; t see their issues to be of import ( Caudron, 1993 ) . Diversity preparation demands to be effectual. There is a significant foundation of cognition and expertness associated with understanding the effects of diverseness in organisations. The trainer needs to be adept in the capable affair and possess good facilitation accomplishments in order to supply high quality preparation ( Cox, 1994 ) . Some illustrations of uneffective preparation include preparation that attempts to repair the victim, by seeking to acquire these persons to conform to the organisation # 8217 ; s civilization, preparation that tries to coerce politically right linguistic communication onto workshop participants and preparation that focuses on facing stereotypes without giving importance to developing the accomplishments needed to convey consciousness of these stereotypes back to the workplace. Raising consciousness is of import, but you have to state employees how to use that consciousness to their occupations ( Caudron, 1993 ) . Gratuitous to state, instruction and preparation are perfectly necessary, but will be uneffective if an organisation does non alter its systems ( Johnson, 1992 ) . Culture and Management Systems Changes Diversity needs to be a manner of life, non merely an organisational cant. Bond ( 1998 ) , provinces that articulated values and squad constructions are of import but non sufficient to back up diverseness in an organisation. This component should include an appraisal of the organisational civilization and human resource direction systems of the organisation. Effective organisational diverseness direction needs to travel beyond plans, procedures and activities to develop a civilization that recognizes and wagess those who value, promote and facilitate workplace diverseness ( Wong, 1999 ) . The formation of a diverseness squad, dwelling of preponderantly non-management members from all countries of the organisation with the leader of this group a individual trained in diverseness, is important. Management has to so make avenues that allow this group to do the alterations they identify as necessary ( Johnson, 1992 ) . An organisation should take stock of all preparation and development provided and so measure diverseness # 8217 ; s associate to the content and procedure of the preparation. See how diverseness constructs such as cultural differences, stereotypes, and premises relate to the preparation # 8217 ; s subject ; besides, think about how differences in background, manners and civilization influence participant receptiveness and comfort. Following, adapt both content and procedure to accommodate the demands of a broad assortment of employees working in a diverse environment ( Gardenswartz and Rowe, 2000 ) . Policies and patterns need to be consistently reviewed to see how they can integrate diverse demands and penchants and so, if necessary, changed to travel diverseness beyond the personal consciousness degree and incorporate it into the company civilization ( Johnson, 1992 ) . Directors need to cognize what their function is in back uping diverseness. Many organisations provide uninterrupted instruction and preparation sing diverseness rules and diverseness accomplishment development for all directors. These rules and accomplishments include enlisting and keeping, diverseness struggle declaration, diverseness public presentation coaching, and calling development. Most significantly, though, is that direction must # 8220 ; walk the talk # 8221 ; . Directors and supervisors must transform their attitudes into existent behavioural alterations, and the organisation must advance and suit new attitudes and behaviour ( Morris, Romero and Tan, 1996 ) . Follow-up and Evaluation Many of the successful organisations pattern some type of long-run follow-up and monitoring to keep the positive effects of preparation attempts. These attempts include: set uping a commission and/or developing a newssheet to track advancement, highlight assorted civilizations, etc. ; sporadically administrating a study to estimate consequences ; and run intoing on a regular basis with directors and decision makers to reexamine these attempts ( Jordan, 1999 ) . Other organisations have established employee development and mentoring plans, to assist a broader scope of employees move up in the organisation ( Caudron, 1993 ) . By rating I am mentioning to mensurating the results of diverseness attempts and alteration. Consequences can be measured through increased employee keeping, improved answerability and increased alliance with the organisation # 8217 ; s mission ( Black and Prudente, 1998 ) . Diversity frequently has both touchable and intangible benefits ( such as # 8220 ; increased occupation satisfaction # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; reduced struggle # 8221 ; ) and an effort to quantify these benefits should be made ( Gardenswartz and Rowe, 2000 ) . As Albert Einstein said, # 8220 ; Not everything that can be measured counts and non everything that counts can be measured. # 8221 ; Finally, continuously reexamine your enterprise by inquiring those within your organisation: Is this working? If it is, happen out what # 8217 ; s working and maintain making it. If it # 8217 ; s non, reassess what you # 8217 ; re making and why you # 8217 ; re making it. Decision Constructing a genuinely effectual diverseness plan requires a comprehensive, long-run committedness from disposal, human resources, directors and employees. Making an organisational civilization that supports work force diverseness involves several important elements. The demands and outlooks of both the work force and the organisation must be ascertained. These demands and outlooks are of import to procure disposal and direction support every bit good as to guarantee that the preparation will hold relevancy. Continuous followup of the preparation and enterprises is of import to reenforce what has been learned every bit good as to show committedness and to # 8220 ; maintain the fires firing # 8221 ; . Measuring the touchable and intangible results of diverseness direction keeps the procedure fluxing and links the enterprise to the concern scheme. More than merely a preparation plan, diverseness must be woven into the cloth of the organisation. By larning from other organisations s uccesses, you can be after your class of action and aid better the procedure of pull offing diverseness in your organisation. Mentions Baytos, L. , A ; Delatte, A. P. ( 1993 ) . 8 guidelines for successful diverseness preparation. Training, 30 ( 1 ) , 55-60. Black, N. J. , A ; Prudente, D. ( 1998 ) . Developing A Diversity Action Plan. Bizmonthly.com, www.bizmonthly.com/news1998/september/focus/prudenteblack.shtml Chemical bond, M.A. ( 1998, May ) . The ecology of diverseness in organisational scenes: Lessons from a instance survey. Human Relations. Caudron, S. ( 1993 ) . Training can damage diverseness attempts. Personnel Journal, 72 ( 4 ) , 50-60. Cox, T. , Jr. ( 1994 ) . A theoretical account to steer organisational alteration. Cultural Diversity In Organizations: Theory, Research A ; Practice ( pp. 225-241 ) . San Francisco: Berret-Koehler. Gardenswartz, L. , A ; Rowe, A. Tips and Techniques: Integrating diverseness into all preparation: One scheme for operationalizing diverseness. Diversity Central # 8211 ; Diversity Practitioners # 8211 ; Tips and Techniques, www.diversityhotwire.com/div # 8230 ; _practitioners/tips_techniques.html Goff, L. ( 1998 ) . Making the instance for diverseness preparation: Confronted by turning unfavorable judgment, Advisers focus on bottom line. Crain # 8217 ; s New York Business, 14 ( 23 ) , 27. Johnson, R. ( 1992 ) . Diversity preparation: built-in stairss for bridging race, linguistic communication, gender Gaps. Training, 29 ( 7 ) . Jordan, K. ( 1999 ) . Diversity preparation: what works, what doesn # 8217 ; t, and why? Civil Rights Journal, 4 ( 1 ) , 53. Lapid-Bogda, G. ( 1992 ) . How to win senior direction # 8217 ; s support for diverseness. HR Focus, 69 ( 3 ) , 7. Morris, L. , Romero, J. , A ; Tan, D.L. ( 1996 ) . Changes in attitude after diverseness preparation. Training A ; Development, 50 ( 9 ) , 54-56. Prism International: Navigating Schemes In A World of Opportunity. Diversity Capabilities. www.prism-international.com/cap_diversity.html Profiting from others # 8217 ; experience: a diverseness preparation checklist. ( 1994 ) . HRMagazine, 39 ( 10 ) , 68-70. U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board. ( 1993, September ) . The Changing Face of the Federal Workplace. A Report on the Proceedings of a Symposium on Diversity. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office. Wong, H. Z. ( 1999 ) . Best patterns in diverseness schemes and enterprises. Coast Guard Diversity Summit, www.uscg.mil/hq/g-w/g-wt/g-wtl/summit/speech2.html. Bibliography Included in study.

Case Study Moda Milano Mobili Essay Example Essay Example

Case Study: Moda Milano Mobili Essay Example Paper Case Study: Moda Milano Mobili Essay Introduction Moda Milano Mobili is a medium size furniture manufacturer who primarily crafts living room sofas, chairs and dining room chairs, as well as complementary coffee tables, side tables and dining room tables. Their product style is based on contemporary designs with simple clear flowing lines without many details that using Australian cowhide and native timbers. Other than manufacture, Moda Milano Mobili retails their products through independently owned furniture stores in many cities, like Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Adelaide. In addition, the company plans to open their international market, establish frequent shipping between Australia and north-east Asian to increase its international market share, satisfy the demand of customers. This article focuses on Moda Milano Mobili’s financial position and its competitive advantages in both domestic and international market. General Environment (1) Political From political factors to analyse the current and next few years, the ba sic political situation tends to stabilized. Peace and development are the two major themes of the contemporary world. Under this situation, world furniture industry also keeps a steady growth trend. China is the biggest competitor and the potential market of Australia. By entering the World Trade Organization, China’s tariff barriers have being removed. This basally becomes an opportunity of Australian furniture industry to export their products into China. (2) Economic Economic cycle is a response to the economy from the Boom – Decline – Recession – Recovery. Case Study: Moda Milano Mobili Essay Body Paragraphs According the chart, there is a sharp decline in Australian GDP in 2009 after the 2008’s boom which is not only caused by the America sub prime mortgage crisis but also caused by the significant decrease of raw and proceed materials’ price. Til the 1st and 2nd quarters this year, there is a slight recovery of Australian GDP, which gives a break to the whole Australian industries include furniture industry. Chart 1 Australian GDP in recently years Sources from Trading Economics (http://www. tradingeconomics. com) (3) Social Up to 7 August 2010, there are 22. million people in Australia (Australian Bureau of Statistics), less than 3 people per square kilometer, nearly the least one in the world. The ex-prime minister Kevin Rudd indicated that he had a view about a big Australia which is to increase the population through increase of birthrate and immigrants; and actually, the population of Australia do increased by 2% during these years. However, the new prime-minister Ju lia Gillard argued that she doesn’t believe in a big Australia, the existed infrastructure can’t burden such increase speed of population. That means, increase people’s purchasing power through increasing the population is impossible during the next few years. (4) Technological The most advanced technology is no longer the advantage of Australian furniture industry. Companies from other countries are easy to purchase such technology and use them in their production. (5) Environmental Recently, the environment-protection consciousness has been enhanced. People became care about whether the product would harm the environment, as well as whether they could be harmful to people’s health. With the changes of fashion trends, which is more metal and glass furniture gradually replaced the traditional wood and leather furniture, Australian traditional furniture industry is under challenge. (6) Legal Australian legal system tends to perfect, especially the tax syst em. Australia’s tax rate for corporate is 30% which is a good rate comparing with other developed countries such as America, Japan and German which are nearly 40%. Such the low rate is really good for companies’ development, makes them have capacities to expand their international markets, like exporting their products to those developing countries, even their largest ompetitor China. Chart 2 Tax rate Market Environment (1)Supplier The supplier of Australian timber and leather is not a problem. During the 2009 financial crisis, many timber and leather supplier bankrupted. The price of woods and leather kept decreasing due to the low confidence of the processing industry. This is an opportunity for Moda Milano Mobili as a buyer. Recently, the economic are slightly recovering, to develop owned materials suppliers are important for Moda Milano Mobili. (2)Buyer As I discussed in the previous chapter, Moda Milano Mobili don’t have advantage in domestic market due to the Australian residual purchase power is not strong, and the cheaper price of imported products. But foreign people do interest in Australian furniture because of the materials. Australian Jar-rah is famous as it’s easy to be processed, and hard to be eroded. Currently, Germany and Italy are the main export markets of Australian furniture. After the Beijing furniture credit crisis in 2006(will talk about this later), China will become a new costumer of Moda Milano Mobili. (3)Substitutes There is no substitute product that can replace furniture. However, the metal and glass furniture becomes more fashionable, this could be a threat of Moda Milano Mobili who primary produce wooden and leather furniture. (4)Potential Entrants The important parts in the value chain of Australian furniture industry include materials, human resources and market shares. For the first and second, they are quite limited that not allowed if there are too many new entrants. For market shares, Australia n market is captured by many foreign companies who have the lower price due to their economic of scale. So there won’t lots of new domestic entrants in Australian market; but with the growing globalization, there would be lots of foreign companies with their fashionable designs and high technologies compete for the market share. (5)Rivalry among competitors By searching ‘the domestic furniture manufactures in Australian’, there are 113 results on the list (Australian Home Furniture Directory). There are also many cheaper furniture products imported from other countries like China and America. Base one this situation, Moda Milano Mobili does not have any advantage in domestic market. The Beijing Market As the capital of China, Beijing is undoubtedly the most noteworthy city. Beijing has over 17 million residents distributed in 6 million households. 15. 4% people are over 60 years old who could be more interested in traditional furniture. This means for Moda Milano Mobili whose production are primarily based on contemporary designs with simple clear flowing lines could have a better marker share than those companies who produce traditional style furniture. Particular in the year of 2006, lots of Made-in-Beijing-furniture was reported on the black list due to they are (1) excessive formaldehyde; or (2) their paint is not acid-proof; or (3) the actual materials, like wood or leather are not as they presented, and so on. These all causes Beijing furniture companies lose their goodwill. Consumers no longer trust the local furniture manufactures, which make foreign furniture companies have the opportunity to take a significant market share. Strategy analysis The main problem of Moda Milano Mobili faced is the higher average cost of products due to the small economic scale, which causes the company hard to compete with other foreign furniture companies. In addition, the Australian tariff of import such products are quite low, that means to purchase foreign furniture sometimes much cheaper than buying domestics. Another problem is the serious labor shortage. The professional craftsmen are difficult to be found; one reason is there don’t have that many skilled craftsmen due to Australia’s small population and strict limitations of foreign workers. To enter Beijing market, only relying on materials advantage is not enough. Beijing, as the center of economic in China, lived more than 10 million high-income people. Instead of price, they more care about quality and tastes of the product. Especially after the credit crisis, goodwill became the most important intangible assets that direct effect the company’s profit. Since Moda Milano Mobili plan to create a selling point of ‘made in Australia’. If the company can ensure the product quality and avoid the inferior materials, the selling point could be one of the company’s strength. In addition, Beijing is a city of aging people, to develop kin ds of traditional style furniture to satisfy the elderly people would be necessary. To Increase competitiveness in the markets, to decrease the products’ price is important. It not means using cheaper materials, but to expand the scale of its businesses. Average cost would be decreased if the scale of manufacture; price would be decreased due to decrease the resale and transport costs if there are more owned suppliers and retailers. In order to solving the problems, Moda Milano Mobili plan to hire more craftsmen and expanding the factory; they also trying to appoint more retail distributors in Australia and other countries. Question 2 Austrade provide many services for domestic companies who plan to develop its international markets. Those services are mainly information assists that include:? Provide information about markets and industry trends in particular countries or regions, to assist in the development of investment plans, strategies or objectives;? Make introductions to potential international partners, buyers and other in-market contacts;? Supply referrals to service providers who can give you specialist advice, such as lawyers, business advisors and investment promotion agencies;? Help exporter to access to international governments and other relevant overseas decision-makers in the market;? Advise about the process of establishing an overseas business;? Offer ongoing support, including help in identifying market opportunities, tendering for projects and promoting the business in the market; Other than that, Austrade also created a link with The Export Market Development Grants (EMDG) scheme which is a financial assistance rogram created by Australian government. Reference Australia GDP Growth Rate http://www. tradingeconomics. com/Economics/GDP-Growth. aspx? Symbol=AUD Beijing Statistical Information Net http://www. bjstats. gov. cn/sjfb/pcsj/rkpc/200607/t20060704_45119. htm Australian Home Furniture Directory http://www. homefurniture. com. au/ World Furniture Confederation website http://www. worldfurnitureconfederation. org/ Australia Government http://www. austrade. gov. au/Export/default. aspx We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study: Moda Milano Mobili Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study: Moda Milano Mobili Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study: Moda Milano Mobili Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Every AP Biology Practice Test Available Free and Official

Every AP Biology Practice Test Available Free and Official SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Practice tests can help you get familiar with the structure of the AP Biology examand feel more comfortable with the types of questions you'll be expected to answer on test day. Studying with practice tests can also give you insight into the specific struggles you might have with the material as presented on the AP test. You can then focus your studying appropriately to tackle these problems. In this article, I'll list all the practice tests for AP Biology that you can find online and give you a few tips on how to use them effectively as study aids for both the AP test and any in-class tests you have throughout the school year. Official AP Biology PracticeExams Official practice tests provide the best preparation for the AP test.You can be sure that the questions are accurate representations of what you'll see on the final exam. Unfortunately, I could only find one official practice test for the new version of the AP Biology test since the format and content changed so recently (2012).However, this practice test also has other information that makes it more helpful. It tells you how to calculate your score and includes detailed answer explanations for each question at the end. Official Practice Test #1 Don't start your practice with this test. It's the most accurate preparation you'll have forthe real AP test, so you should save it for towards the end of your second semester when you feel confident that you've mastered the material. It's better to begin studying with the unofficial tests in the next section as a warm-up! You can also access official free-response questions from 2013, 2014, and 2015 on the College Board website. Free Response Questions The free-response section of the AP Biology test is usually considered to be the most difficult part, so it’s good to have a little extra practice with these even if you’re not answering them in the context of a full practice test. In addition to these resources, all AP teachers have access to a bunch of free official practice AP tests online. You can ask your teacher if he or she will print a couple out for you to use in your studying. It might take more than one apple to get those extra practice tests out of your teacher, but ultimately everyone has a price. Want to get a perfect 5 on your AP exam and an A in class? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. UnofficialAP Biology PracticeExams There are many unofficial AP Biology practice tests out there that you can use to help review the material.There’s nothing wrong with using these tests to get more practice, but try not to rely on them exclusively because they are not always totally accurate representations of the real AP Biology exam.Some are aligned with the format of the pre-2012 exam, and some are just multiple-choice tests of varying lengths with no free response questions. Because the AP Biology exam has been revised, you'll get a more accurate estimate of how well you're doing if you use recent practice tests that are aligned with the new test's format. Before 2012, the AP Biology testhad 100 multiple-choice questions and four free-response questions rather than the current 63 multiple-choice questions, six grid-in questions, six short free-response questions, and two long free-response questions. The old test was also more memorization-based. On the current AP Biology exam, you'll have to answer a lot of questions that involve analyzing experimental data using your background knowledge of biology. You won't see questions that just ask you to do something like identify parts of a process in a diagram. A couple of these unofficial tests do have the same format as the current exam, including the Barron's practice test and all the tests in the "subscription needed" section. You should save these for later on in your second semester when you want to get a more accurate assessment of your readiness for the final exam (and then follow them up with the official practice test in the previous section if you feel confident that you've fixed your problem areas!). Free AP Biology Practice Tests Barron’s Practice Test Barron’s offers a free practice test online that has the same format as the current AP test. You can take it in timed or untimed (â€Å"practice†) mode. If you use practice mode, you can see answer explanations as you go along. The multiple-choice section has automated scoring, but you’ll have to self-score your free-response answers (guidelines are provided). My Max Score Practice Test This is an old-format test that includes 100 multiple choice questions and four free-response questions. It also has detailed answer explanations for all questions. Varsity Tutors Diagnostic Tests This is a list of ten multiple-choice diagnostic tests rated by difficulty level. Tests 4-10 have the same number of questions as the real multiple-choice section. Sorry, there are no free-response questions on this site. Kaplan Practice Tests There are a few unit-specific quizzes here along with two longer practice tests that have almost as many questions as the multiple-choice section on the real exam (58 and 62 as opposed to 63 + 6 grid-ins). There are no free-response questions. Learning Express 120-Question and 100-Question Practice Tests These are a couple more old-format multiple-choice tests with answers included at the end. If you just want to test yourself on the basic information in the course, these could be useful. Subscription Needed Shmoop Practice Tests (free trial available, $24.68 a month for subscription) A subscription to Shmoop will get you access to a diagnostic test plus five full AP Biology practice tests (including both multiple-choice and free-response questions, although these are of course unofficial). Shmoop tries a little too hard to relate to kids with their writing style, but if you're not put off by that, it might be a good resource for you. BenchPrep Practice Tests (with subscription that costs $30 a month) Here, you’ll get access to two full practice tests plus a ton of lessons. Practice Tests inReview Books You might also decide to order a review book to get access to more practice tests. You'll find some good resources in the books listed in my article on the best AP Biology books for 2016. Make sure you have some nice fresh erasers cuz your pencils are in for a wild ride across the treacherous terrain of the AP Biology curriculum. Wooohooooo! How to Use AP Biology Practice Tests This section is full of all the advice you need to follow to use AP Biology practice tests effectively during both your first and second semesters in the class. First Semester: Using Practice Tests for Your Class Although it might not make sense to take full practice tests yet, you can still use the materials in this article as resources for your studying.Look for free-response questions that relate to what you’ve learned so far so that you can start to get familiar with their format and expectations. There are also plenty of sites that have quizzes that touch on specific units in the AP Biology curriculum.These include Learnerator, Varsity Tutors (which I mention above for diagnostic tests, but they also have subject-by-subject quizzes), and Quizlet.These won’t be official questions, but they will help prepare you for in-class assessments and serve as a solid introduction to the types of questions you might be asked on the AP test.You should also check out my complete AP Biology review guide for more advice on how you can use online resources to study specific units of the course. Second Semester: Preparing for the AP Test By this time, you should be familiar with most of the material that you’ll see on the test.This means you can start using full practice tests to judge how you’ll score on the AP test and where your weaknesses lie.Remember to time yourself accurately when you take practice tests!Each time you take and score a practice test, you should also do an evaluation of your mistakes that will inform your studying going forward.Mistakes come in a few different forms, and things can be even more complex on the AP Biology test because there are technically four types of questions. Focus on the multiple-choice section first, including the grid-ins.Notice whether your mistakes tend to happen on straightforward questions where you just didn’t have the content knowledge or on questions that require deeper analysis.Were there specific content areas where you missed a significant number of questions?Keep track of this so that you can go back into your notes and review the appropriate unit(s).These are easy mistakes to fix. Did you have trouble interpreting and analyzing scenarios on the test even though you knew the background information?The remedy for this is more practice. There are many sites with AP Bio practice questions available.This book of practice questions is also useful because the questions faithfully replicate the new design of the test. It’s possible that your problem lies outside the specifics of the questions and more in the format of the test.Did you run out of time? Make a ton of careless mistakes?The solution to this is greater awareness of your pacing and more practice questions. Careless mistakes can be avoided by greater awareness of your surroundings. Also, how did someone even fit that big of a gum wad in their mouth? Was a giant chewing gum in this parking lot? Should we be concerned about his current location? I have a lot of questions. Grid-ins are weird, so you may have had trouble on them if you’re not big on the math aspect of biology.Try to find similar problems in your textbook, review book, or online so that you can practice your skills.The more math-oriented biology questions you do over time, the more likely it is that the questions on the test will be aligned with what you’ve already seen. After taking your multiple-choice mistakes into account, you can move onto the free response section.Notice which questions gave you the most trouble and why.Did you forget the information you needed, or were you confused about what the question was asking or how to analyze a diagram?Take these findings and apply them to your future practice! Essential AP Biology Practice Testing Tips Follow these four tips to be sure to get the most out of your AP Biology practice tests. #1: Replicate Realistic Test Conditions It’s always important to be faithful to the rules of the real test when you take practice tests so that your scores accurately reflect your potential.That means an hour and thirty minutes for each section.This is the only way to judge whether time is going to be an issue for you.You should also print out the test so that you take it in the right format. Have a calculator on hand as well.If you’re really dedicated, you can even have someone serve as your mock proctor. #2: Don’t Panic if You’re Not Familiar With Scenarios You See on the Test Even if you’ve gone over every in-class lab that you had to do for AP Biology, you will still run into examples you haven’t seen before.It’s important not to psych yourself out when this happens.Focus on the diagrams and what you can learn from them, and see if you can think of a related experiment that will clue you into what they mean.Use your common sense; many questions will depend more heavily on your ability to analyze the situation at hand than on your memorization talent. #3: Give Yourself Plenty of Time for the Grid-Ins The so-called multiple-choice section also includes six grid-in questions.These questions are at the end of the section, and they will probably take you longer to solve than most multiple-choice questions.Try not to spend more than a minute on each multiple-choice question.If you find that you’re taking too much time, you should move on and come back to it later! #4: Spend 5-10 Minutes Reading the Free-Response Questions Before You Start Writing It’s a smart idea to start with the free-response questions that you know you can answer quickly and accurately. Leading with these questions will boost your confidence and help you avoid problems with time.Use the short reading period to look over all eight free-response questions and see which ones will be easiest for you to tackle. For example, I would definitely answer a question about snails first. I love snails. My pet snail died not too long ago, and I'm scared to get another one because I don't want to feel that pain again. Want to get a perfect 5 on your AP exam and an A in class? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Conclusion You should take plenty of practice tests as part of your studying for AP Biology.You can’t expect pure memorization to save you on questions that ask you to analyze scenarios you’ve never seen before. Practice questions are the key to improvement! You can use a mixture of official and unofficial tests to practice. Just be wary of major differences in your scores from test to test so that you can accurately assess your readiness for the final.You can even use these tests throughout the year to practice for specific units of the course.If you do enough serious practice, the real AP test will be a piece of cake (well, maybe not, but it will be much less traumatizing). What's Next? Check out my detailed guide to the AP Biology Exam for more information about what's on this test and how you can prepare for it. Are you taking both AP tests and SAT Subject Tests? Find out which kind of test is more important and what the major differences are between the two. Many students take AP classes in the hopes of earning credit for college coursework in high school. Learn more about how AP credit works in college. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Ways of Knowing and the Truth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ways of Knowing and the Truth - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the quest for knowledge and its acquisition since time immemorial, continues till date, because, knowledge has helped man conduct his life better and thereby empowered him in many ways. Therefore, it is not very surprising that a number of philosophers and thinkers of the past have been pre-occupied by the concept of Knowledge. While some may hold that knowledge is nothing but the truth, some others have given importance to the various branches of Knowledge and their applications, and quite a few other philosophers have pondered over the epistemology itself, regarding its sources; constituent elements; ways of acquiring knowledge, and so on. It is useful to get acquainted with epistemology. This is because human beings are surrounded in daily life by a multitude of challenges that require them to be aware of their own cultural, linguistic, financial, moral and ethical principles which influence their day-to-day decisions.   Interesti ngly, there has been no single, direct answer to the question â€Å"what is meant by ‘truth’?   In the New Testament, Pontius Pilate, the Roman Governor, asks Jesus Christ what the latter had done in order to be brought before him. To this Jesus refers to the concept of truth thus, implying that it - ‘Truth’ exists as an independent entity, â€Å"You †¦ I am a king. For this reason, I was born, and for this I came into the world, to testify to the truth; everyone on the side of truth listens to me;† to which Pilate questions Christ "What is the truth?"... "Truth may perhaps come to the price of a pearl that showeth best by day; but it will not rise to the price of a diamond, or carbuncle, that showeth best in varied lights" (Bacon 1). Here Bacon too, does not deal with the concept of truth directly, but through the use of analogy of pearl. Bacon implicates that pure form truth does have its value and glow, which is compared to the subdued lustre of pearls whereas half-truths or truth when mixed with a bit of lies is more attractive, like the glitter of a diamond. Bertrand Russell in "Truth and Falsehood" in his Problems of Philosophy, puts forward the "correspondence" theory of truth; this states that 'truth is the understanding that results from the manner in which one's belief's describe reality; and therefore, truth is "a belief is true when there is a corresponding fact, and is false when there is no corresponding fact." (cited in Reading For Philosophical Inquiry: A Brief Introduction, p. 2). Plato initially theorized that 'knowledge' or in order 'to know' something, three conditions - called the "Conditions of Knowledge," namely a) it should be true; 2) One should consciously believe it; and 3) sufficient evidence should justify it (Southwell 4). This is referred to as the "tripartite theory of knowledge" or "knowledge" is "justified true belief" (Holt 1). There are two theories associated with the source of Knowledge: 1) Empiricism, and 2) Rationalism (Holt 1). The first theory states that knowledge gained is mainly based in experience, and second theory holds that knowledge is gained, based mainly on logical thinking and reason. Regarding the ways or means of knowing, there are four ways of knowing, given by philosophy, the nature, merits and demerits of which are worthy of discussion. The Four

Personal writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal writing - Essay Example In contrast, the lives of the two main protagonists were ended in such a pitiful and tragic event. To wit, Romeo drank the mortal drug from an Apothecary of Mantua while Juliet stabbed herself to death by using Romeo’s dagger. Before drinking the fatal drug, Romeos sadness made him to say, â€Å"Here’s to my love! O true Apothecary! / Thy drugs are quick. Thus with a kiss I die† (Shakespeare 5.3.119-120). Such was the most valiant act I have ever known that a human could possibly do because of love. To die for the person who is considered as your life. On the other hand, Juliet upon knowing the death of Romeo declared, â€Å"Yea, noise? Then I’ll be brief. O happy dagger! / This is thy sheath; there rust, and let me die† (Shakespeare 5.3.169-170). Indeed, the power of love can make us irrational sometimes. Such was Romeo and Juliet’s actuations in the novel. In relation, some critics have persistently argued that these two irrational acts were the ruthless fruit of their everlasting love. On the contrary, there are few who have contended that the heartbreaking moment was exacerbated by their family duel. This circumstance has limited their respective freedom to express love and affection with each other. Consequently, since the first introduction of this novel in 1595, there have been many arguments given just to provide an explanation of who was most to blame for their death and was it proper to impute that blame on such characters. Moreover, a number of avid readers and audiences suggested that the older generation was the one guilty and not the youngsters. Surprisingly, others have pointed out that the terrible death of Romeo and Juliet was attributed to the acts of Friar Laurence, the Franciscan priest who has been loyal to the central male character. In bizarre cases, even the two lovers have been singled out for blame. Despite these various facts,

Parent-Child Relationships in a Diverse Society Research Paper

Parent-Child Relationships in a Diverse Society - Research Paper Example Following this we will discuss how this issue has been viewed from a historical perspective and discuss the impact of the employment of women in the public sphere on relationships within the family unit. Following his, we will explore the change and challenges associated with this trend at both a personal and a societal level (MacKinnon, 1999). Gender is an underlying characteristic all societies and the social construction of gender roles, behaviors and expectations is an importance aspect of modern American society. In a lucid essay entitled â€Å"Gender Role, Behavior and Attitudes†, Aaron Devor explores the socially constructed nature of gender in modern society and persuasively argues for a reevaluation of traditional gender role expectations in modern society. Unlike sex, gender is artificially imposed and although based upon biological differences between men and women, gender is socially constructed. As a social construct, gender roles, behaviors, attitudes and expectations are created by society and enforced by social norms. The idea that a woman belongs in the home to cook, clean and raise the children is a socially constructed concept that many people believe without questioning. The funny thing about gender is that we are led to believe that it is innate and something that we are born with. As Aaron Davor so eloquently points out, gender is created, acquired and constructed by the greater society at large. Sex has a biological basis and is predetermined at birth. Gender, on the other hand, is a social construction and gender roles and expectations are unique to each and every society. As social actors, individuals play an important role in the construction and creation of gender roles, attitudes and expectations and are not simply passive recipients of societal expectations about how men and

Gender In Respond To Stress And Overcome Stress Psychology Essay

Gender In Respond To Stress And Overcome Stress Psychology Essay The process of growing, different gender does have different respond on when facing the stress and even the way of copping the stress. In this study, we were targeting with both gender by category their age, race, culture and surrounding issue that influence or change them the point of respond to stress and the way of copping the stress. There are many issue and different causes of creating stress for our daily life but it is not a way for both genders. We could have more understand type of stress is facing on the certain age and different respond both genders. In the study, we had realize that a great changing view respond to stress and overcome the stress in both gender on category age of teenager and adult. Furthermore, changing view of stress found in different culture for both gender. It is reason for when reach an adult age. Working environment has making them change. Stress In this world, our daily life is filled with stress. Stress is a common issue that has become a discussion among researchers. There are many reasons why a person gets involve in a stressful condition. Based on Laheys study, sources of stress can be categorized into five category which are life events, frustration, conflict, pressure and environmental condition (Lahey,2012). Life events is one of the major sources of stress as people need to have adjustments in their life every day, regardless of any situations or conditions (Dohrenwend,2006;Lahey,2012). Negative events such as losing a loved one or losing a home after disaster creates anxiety, depression and physical illnesses and psychological illnesses (Lahey,2012) However, even positive events can be stressful too. Getting a new car or house, graduating from college, getting married are also happy situations where people need time to adjust to their normal living pattern ( Lahey, 2012). Frustration Other source of stress comes from frustration which is the result or decision that could not able to satisfy a motive (Lahey,2012). Continuous dissatisfactory of the results gained such as individuals being subjected to racial discrimination would be able to become major source of stress.(Gallo Matthews; Lahey,2012) Conflict The third source of stress is conflict in which a state of two or more motives cannot be satisfied because they interfere with one another. (Lahey, 2012) Conflict happens when two people have different goals or different opinions in which both of them are trying to get an agreement. In this condition, two major source of stress in conflict are trying to satisfy each other with their different opinions while being aware of each other to accept their individual decision. Pressure Stress can be aroused from pressure in facing threats of negative events ( Lahey, 2012). For example, college students feel pressure due to handing in assignments before dateline and preparing for exams. A single mother will feel pressure when providing provision for her family while performing well in her job. An employee will feel pressure in pleasing the boss with excellent work while competing with other colleague. Environmental conditions The environment that we are surrounded by is also one of the factor that causes stress ( Lahey, 2012). For instance, if a person lives in a an environment filled with noise pollution, chances of an increase in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration is high and hindrance in the digestive processes is possible ( Hughes M., 2010 ) . Introduction Different Gender in Respond to Stress and How Overcome the Stress. There are many reasons that cause stress; even we are still at a young age. We believe that both genders have their own methods in responding to stress. At the same time we also believe that both genders responses to stress can be influence by other aspect. In the sports field, both genders athletes have different methods to cope with stress. Researchers found that women use the coping strategies of venting motions, positive reinterpretation, dissociation, and emotional social support more often than men did to cope with stress. ( Hammermeister Burton 2004; Mark Toto 2009). Besides that, there is another study about racial discrimination and ways on how to cope with stress among African Americans (Utsey, Ponterotto, Reynolds Cancelli, 2000). It was found that between adult men and women, women tend to seek social support more than men do (Flora Rahim, 2006). Based on the studies, we understand that both genders have different ways of coping with stress. Furthermore, genders differences have an effect in anxiety disorders that appears to begin around the age of 6 where female are higher than male with ratio is already 2:1 (Robinson, 2006; Sharon Jennifer, 2011). From the statement we understood that stress begins at the adolescence stage. In the study of Kagan and Lewis (1965), it was found that girls are more mentally developed ahead of boys. Therefore, girls have better response to stress compared to male at the adolescence stage (Walter Terry, 1974). This led us to believe that different stress occurs in adolescence stage. Nevertheless, some studies have evidences that clearly stated the differences between genders affect stress. Girls have higher level of stress than boys do during their teenage years as they are more likely to be more aggressive to have conflict with parent and teacher. (Walter Terry, 1974). Based on the MacFarlane (1970) study, during period high school period, girls slightly manifest more anxiety than boys (Walter Terry, 1974). On other hand, women may also experience more school-related anxiety than men during both stressful events (examinations) as well as the long term events (Martin, 1997). Besides schooling period, a study showed that during college period, women experience more negative images of themselves and they are more likely to manifest neurotic symptoms than male (McKee and Sherriffs,1957 as cited in Walter Terry,1974). Other researches analysis provided us some insight on the differences between male and female supporting staff. There are differences in stress outcomes experienced by male and female workers between the age of 25 to 30 year old (Dr. Zafir Fazilah). A study showed that women suffer more stress from working environment compared to men because women also experience certain unique stressors such as gender inequality as well as experiencing stressors common to both genders (Kristina Stephen, 2004). Besides that, for married couples, it is believed that neighborhood stressors will have greater impact on womens mental health rather than mens (Flora Rahim, 2006).There is a considerable amount of evidence indicating that women are more psychologically and physiologically reactive to stressors than men (Liu, Spector Lin Shi, 2008). Through this study and the statement provided, we found that women have the higher percentage to develop stress compared to men. For ways of coping stress, there is a slight difference between both genders. In a study, adult men were found to resort to alcoholic method more than women (Christopher Alvin, 2009). Based on Jessicas study, since men are taught that it is unacceptable to express their depression to others, they may seek comfort from other sources such as alcohol. Indeed, one argument supported the idea that the different rates of depression between men and women are illusionary is that alcoholism is twice as common in men as in women (Murakumi J., 2002). Discussion Conclusion. After analyzing the studies and research papers related to the topic, our group agreed that the first thesis is different gender respond to stress in different ways. It is confirmed that the thesis we had made matches the evident to support it. Besides that, we found that different response in stress starts during teenage years with female developing faster than male. On the overall view, all members of our group believed that the methods used to cope with stress are different where female are far more mature than male. Furthermore, we found that the stress level is different for both gender at young age with females getting more anxiety and more depression especially in high school period when compared to males. The reason for higher level of females depression in high school is because female starts to gets themselves non-invisible attention in school through usage of make up so that they are able to follow the trend of teenage years. It is the reason that women have high stress ou tcome than men. Hence, it led us to believe that women have the higher risk to have psychological illnesses such as insomnia and anxiety disorder. However, female are better in managing with stress based on a study by Mark and Toto (2009). Female are known to vent their emotions, positive reinterpretation, dissociation, and emotional social support more often than men do. (Mark and Toto, 2009). Yet this does not mean that males are healthier than female. Males often use negative way to cope with stress compared to females. Examples like alcohol and smoking cigarettes are common ways for males to cope with stress. This brings great impact to the body heath such as lung cancer and liver diseases. Nevertheless not all of the male are using the same negative copping stress as males also use positive ways to cope with stress. For example they do sports to cope with their stress. The current statement had reached our other thesis which is that both genders have their different ways to cop e with stress. At the end, our group came out with a thesis that both genders have their own ways to respond to stress and to cope with stress because everyone have their own personality, thinking and stress outcome.

Barkovs Hamlet: A Tragedy of Errors Essay -- essays research papers

William Shakespeare authorship: The text of Hamlet contains indications that Shakespeare portrayed himself as an allegedly dead university graduate. HAMLET: A TRAGEDY OF ERRORS, OR THE TRAGICAL FATE OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE? by Alfred Barkov To the contents When the text of William Shakespeare: a mask for Hamlet - Christopher Marlowe? William Shakespeare Hamlet is read attentively, and no details are disregarded, it becomes evident that William Shakespeare included in it something quite different from what has been traditionally interpreted. According to the text, prince Hamlet was not a son to king Hamlet, king Hamlet has never been poisoned, pregnant Ophelia was drowned by prince Hamlet's half-brother. Though that might sound odd, the facts Shakespeare included in the text suggest that the plot of Hamlet has been perceived erroneously. In what we traditionally consider to be the plot of Hamlet, there exist multiple contradictions and discrepancies which cannot be explained within the established interpretation. Even the age of the hero is not known for sure: Hamlet of the Act I is around twenty while in the Act V he appears to be thirty years old. If we really rate Shakespeare's talent that highly as we use to proclaim, we have to exercise a different approach to the contradictions in Hamlet. That is, they must be treated as composition means intended by Shakespeare as integral parts of the structure of Hamlet. Attentive reading suggests that the contradictions reflect a sophisticated structure with two plots both containing seemingly the same cast of characters factually possessing with different biographies. Though the real plot of Hamlet as it was intended by Shakespeare can be comprehended without employment of any theory, there was necessary to develop a version of Literary Theory capable to address the problems of decoding and describing the inner structure of special class of fiction called menippeah. Despite that Hamlet belongs to that class, in my paper, I avoided plunging into the issues of literary theory because the hidden content of any menippeah can be perceived with just attentive reading, Shakespeare's Hamlet being no exception. Menippeah is different from the three known classes of fiction: the epics, the lyrics, and the drama. It employs a specific way of narrating widely used even in everyday communication (when irony is intended.)... ...lizabeth?.. The Shakespeare mystery was maintained at the state level as a top state secret. Queen Elizabeth personally tackled two cases threatening the fate of Christopher Marlowe. Chapter VIII: The second Virgin in the history of human civilization? Christopher Marlowe taught Arabella Stuart, a prospective queen. The parliament adopted a decision the throne should be succeeded by Queen Elizabeth's 'natural' rather than 'legitimate' issue. Chapter IX: Is Christopher Marlowe The Swan of Avon? Shakespeare-Hamlet: is Marlowe the Swan of Avon? The place Queen Elizabeth delivered a child in April 1564 is situated on river Avon. That might attribute Ben Jonson's definition to Marlowe. Related pages: Shakespeare Authorship. Hamlet and Marlowe's works: same structure Hamlet by William Shakespeare, and Christopher Marlowe's dramas possess with identical very sophisticated structure. Hamlet, a summary (The complete version, in Russian) Roberta Ballantine's site dedicated to Christopher Marlowe William Shakespeare Authorship Roundtable Alfred Barkov ut5ab alfred@barkov.kiev.ua P.O. Box 36 Kiev 01103 Ukraine Copyright  © Alfred Barkov 2000, 2003 Last updated: Nov. 23, 2003

Psychoanalytic and Trait Approaches to Personality Essay

The study of personality had been one of the most intriguing subjects of psychology. Personality refers to a complex set of characteristics unique to the individual which form basis on how he/she feels, thinks, and behaves (Engler, 2003). Personality theories are varied and each one tries to explain the development of personality and its manifestations. The study of personality had also led to a number of assessment tools that aim to quantify and describe personality. Moreover, the stability of one’s personality had also been found to be associated with the mental health of a person, as well as the quality of his/her relationship with others. Recently, personality had also been linked to biological health and certain types of illnesses. This paper discusses the psychoanalytic and trait approaches to the study of personality. The psychoanalytic approach to the study of personality was developed by Sigmund Freud in the early history of the development of psychology as a scientific discipline. The psychoanalytic approach says that personality is shaped by the unconscious forces in one’s mental state (Larsen & Buss, 2005). Individuals are often unaware of the unconscious mental forces and how it can influence behavior, thoughts, and emotions. Personality is composed of three structures, the id, ego, and superego. The id refers to the drives and instincts, the superego refers to the conscience or moral agency, and the ego is the mediator between the id and superego and is the social agency. The three agencies can be in conflict and produces anxiety, the personality develops defense mechanisms to cope with the anxieties. The trait approach to personality says that personality is relatively stable from childhood to adulthood and that a person can be portrayed through his/her personality traits of which quite a number has been identified by trait theorists. Traits refer to the personal characteristics of the individual that describes his/her patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings. Modern trait theory endorses the Big 5 personality traits (OCEAN) which includes openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (Larsen & Buss, 2005). These personality traits had been found to exist in different cultures and can adequately describe a person’s personality. The difference between psychoanalytic to the trait approach is how the psychoanalytic theory explains the development of personality as rooted in the unconscious mental states and childhood experiences of the individual. Trait theory suggests that the framework of one’s personality is already present at birth and continues to develop over the course of one’s life. However, the basic personality traits will remain and influence the development of other traits (Funder, 2007). The psychoanalytic theory had it right when it said that previous experiences influences one’s personality and defense mechanisms are used to ease anxieties brought about by unconscious drives and impulses. We know that one’s experiences strongly affect one’s personality, for example, a child deprived of parental love may become untrusting, cynical and have poor relationships in adulthood. Defense mechanisms are patterns of behavior that are used as responses to anxieties to maintain normal functioning. The trait theory on the other hand was correct when it said that traits can be used to describe the person and that personality traits are stable over time. Personality traits are descriptions of behavioral, cognitive, and affective patterns that people have in varying degrees. For example, people who are extroverted are funny, sociable, friendly, and approachable; it would be very difficult to find a person who is an extrovert and yet be reserved and shy. Moreover, personality traits are fairly stable, a child who is shy may overcome his/her shyness but on accession will exhibit some form of shyness. The psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the unconscious mental states of the individual as precursors of personality, however, if a person is not aware of this mental state, then how could that person be influenced by such forces. Moreover, psychoanalytic theory made mention that childhood experiences determines the personality of the individual, Freud however did not account for the fact that individuals with happy childhoods can also develop personality problems in adulthood. Trait theory on the other hand claim that the Big 5 personality traits are found across cultures, however, since trait theorists have already identified thousands of traits, is it not easier for them to categorize such traits into five universal traits. In addition, trait theory says that traits can adequately describe a person, however, how can traits fully portray the complex person by single trait. Trait theory attempts to provide a simplistic explanation to a very complex concept such as personality. Freud’s defense mechanisms are thought patterns that attempt to diffuse the anxiety that is brought about by conflicts in one’s personality. Denial is one of the most used defense mechanism; denial means to refuse the truth or the reality of an event or situation. For example, when one is diagnosed to be terminally ill, the first response is denial. The truth that one is dying is too painful for the individual to bear and causes anxiety, in order to deal with the anxiety, the individual may deny the diagnosis and believe that the doctor have made a mistake. Projection occurs when the individual attributes his/her own unacceptable impulses to another person. For example, a man who is confused with his sexuality may begin to hate gay men, hating gays would tell the person that he is not gay and therefore eases the anxiety of his confused feelings. Repression is used to control traumatic experiences or events that are full of anxiety. A child who had been abused by an adult may repress the memories and push it into the unconscious so that it would not be remembered. The psychoanalytic theory was developed in Victorian England where anything pertaining to one’s sexuality was considered as a taboo and inappropriate (Engler, 2003). Freud was a neurologist and begun his work treating individuals with mental disorders which he called dementia. In his treatment, he discovered that most people who exhibited bizarre disorders had repressed memories and unconscious thoughts which were sexually laden. Freud deduced that the cause of the anxiety and illnesses of his patients where unconscious desires and traumatic childhood experiences which have prevented patients from building relationships, coping with life’s demands and adjustments to life events. Consequently, Freud developed a theory of personality that would integrate the knowledge he gained from his patients and the treatments that he used. Freud’s theoretical concepts were labeled with notoriety as it included sexism which society did not approve of (Engler, 2003). Out of the Big 5 personality traits, the trait that best describes my personality is openness, I am adventurous and curious, and I always welcome the opportunity to learn something new. Thus, I am always open to new situations and experiences. I have a wider perspective than most people do do, I usually do not have opinions about things that I have not experienced, but I am open to the fact that I may or may not enjoy a new experience. I believe that being open to new experiences enriches my personality; I am the kind of person who always signs up for new events, the first in the bungee jumping line, and the first to eat raw fish eggs. The personality trait that least describes me is neuroticism. As a person, I am aware of who I am and what I want from life, I have values and principles in life that I subscribe to in whatever I do, thus I am not prone to insecurities and I am emotionally stable. I rarely have emotional outbursts and uncontrollable anger towards other people. I am in touch with my own feelings and I can express my emotions constructively. Since modern personality trait theory is the most widely applied theory of personality, I must say that it is more able to describe personality than the psychoanalytic theory. Trait theory had been the basis of numerous personality tests and inventories which all measure and classify thoughts, feelings, and behavior under different personality traits. In conclusion, personality is a complex psychological construct that attempts to provide an explanation of why people have different traits, characteristics, behaviors, and coping strategies. Personality can be studied as an aspect of the totality of a person or it may also be used to describe the personhood of the individual. In any case, there is still more to learn about personality for at present we still have an incomplete picture of personality.