Case Study Moda Milano Mobili Essay Example Essay Example

Case Study: Moda Milano Mobili Essay Example Paper Case Study: Moda Milano Mobili Essay Introduction Moda Milano Mobili is a medium size furniture manufacturer who primarily crafts living room sofas, chairs and dining room chairs, as well as complementary coffee tables, side tables and dining room tables. Their product style is based on contemporary designs with simple clear flowing lines without many details that using Australian cowhide and native timbers. Other than manufacture, Moda Milano Mobili retails their products through independently owned furniture stores in many cities, like Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Adelaide. In addition, the company plans to open their international market, establish frequent shipping between Australia and north-east Asian to increase its international market share, satisfy the demand of customers. This article focuses on Moda Milano Mobili’s financial position and its competitive advantages in both domestic and international market. General Environment (1) Political From political factors to analyse the current and next few years, the ba sic political situation tends to stabilized. Peace and development are the two major themes of the contemporary world. Under this situation, world furniture industry also keeps a steady growth trend. China is the biggest competitor and the potential market of Australia. By entering the World Trade Organization, China’s tariff barriers have being removed. This basally becomes an opportunity of Australian furniture industry to export their products into China. (2) Economic Economic cycle is a response to the economy from the Boom – Decline – Recession – Recovery. Case Study: Moda Milano Mobili Essay Body Paragraphs According the chart, there is a sharp decline in Australian GDP in 2009 after the 2008’s boom which is not only caused by the America sub prime mortgage crisis but also caused by the significant decrease of raw and proceed materials’ price. Til the 1st and 2nd quarters this year, there is a slight recovery of Australian GDP, which gives a break to the whole Australian industries include furniture industry. Chart 1 Australian GDP in recently years Sources from Trading Economics (http://www. tradingeconomics. com) (3) Social Up to 7 August 2010, there are 22. million people in Australia (Australian Bureau of Statistics), less than 3 people per square kilometer, nearly the least one in the world. The ex-prime minister Kevin Rudd indicated that he had a view about a big Australia which is to increase the population through increase of birthrate and immigrants; and actually, the population of Australia do increased by 2% during these years. However, the new prime-minister Ju lia Gillard argued that she doesn’t believe in a big Australia, the existed infrastructure can’t burden such increase speed of population. That means, increase people’s purchasing power through increasing the population is impossible during the next few years. (4) Technological The most advanced technology is no longer the advantage of Australian furniture industry. Companies from other countries are easy to purchase such technology and use them in their production. (5) Environmental Recently, the environment-protection consciousness has been enhanced. People became care about whether the product would harm the environment, as well as whether they could be harmful to people’s health. With the changes of fashion trends, which is more metal and glass furniture gradually replaced the traditional wood and leather furniture, Australian traditional furniture industry is under challenge. (6) Legal Australian legal system tends to perfect, especially the tax syst em. Australia’s tax rate for corporate is 30% which is a good rate comparing with other developed countries such as America, Japan and German which are nearly 40%. Such the low rate is really good for companies’ development, makes them have capacities to expand their international markets, like exporting their products to those developing countries, even their largest ompetitor China. Chart 2 Tax rate Market Environment (1)Supplier The supplier of Australian timber and leather is not a problem. During the 2009 financial crisis, many timber and leather supplier bankrupted. The price of woods and leather kept decreasing due to the low confidence of the processing industry. This is an opportunity for Moda Milano Mobili as a buyer. Recently, the economic are slightly recovering, to develop owned materials suppliers are important for Moda Milano Mobili. (2)Buyer As I discussed in the previous chapter, Moda Milano Mobili don’t have advantage in domestic market due to the Australian residual purchase power is not strong, and the cheaper price of imported products. But foreign people do interest in Australian furniture because of the materials. Australian Jar-rah is famous as it’s easy to be processed, and hard to be eroded. Currently, Germany and Italy are the main export markets of Australian furniture. After the Beijing furniture credit crisis in 2006(will talk about this later), China will become a new costumer of Moda Milano Mobili. (3)Substitutes There is no substitute product that can replace furniture. However, the metal and glass furniture becomes more fashionable, this could be a threat of Moda Milano Mobili who primary produce wooden and leather furniture. (4)Potential Entrants The important parts in the value chain of Australian furniture industry include materials, human resources and market shares. For the first and second, they are quite limited that not allowed if there are too many new entrants. For market shares, Australia n market is captured by many foreign companies who have the lower price due to their economic of scale. So there won’t lots of new domestic entrants in Australian market; but with the growing globalization, there would be lots of foreign companies with their fashionable designs and high technologies compete for the market share. (5)Rivalry among competitors By searching ‘the domestic furniture manufactures in Australian’, there are 113 results on the list (Australian Home Furniture Directory). There are also many cheaper furniture products imported from other countries like China and America. Base one this situation, Moda Milano Mobili does not have any advantage in domestic market. The Beijing Market As the capital of China, Beijing is undoubtedly the most noteworthy city. Beijing has over 17 million residents distributed in 6 million households. 15. 4% people are over 60 years old who could be more interested in traditional furniture. This means for Moda Milano Mobili whose production are primarily based on contemporary designs with simple clear flowing lines could have a better marker share than those companies who produce traditional style furniture. Particular in the year of 2006, lots of Made-in-Beijing-furniture was reported on the black list due to they are (1) excessive formaldehyde; or (2) their paint is not acid-proof; or (3) the actual materials, like wood or leather are not as they presented, and so on. These all causes Beijing furniture companies lose their goodwill. Consumers no longer trust the local furniture manufactures, which make foreign furniture companies have the opportunity to take a significant market share. Strategy analysis The main problem of Moda Milano Mobili faced is the higher average cost of products due to the small economic scale, which causes the company hard to compete with other foreign furniture companies. In addition, the Australian tariff of import such products are quite low, that means to purchase foreign furniture sometimes much cheaper than buying domestics. Another problem is the serious labor shortage. The professional craftsmen are difficult to be found; one reason is there don’t have that many skilled craftsmen due to Australia’s small population and strict limitations of foreign workers. To enter Beijing market, only relying on materials advantage is not enough. Beijing, as the center of economic in China, lived more than 10 million high-income people. Instead of price, they more care about quality and tastes of the product. Especially after the credit crisis, goodwill became the most important intangible assets that direct effect the company’s profit. Since Moda Milano Mobili plan to create a selling point of ‘made in Australia’. If the company can ensure the product quality and avoid the inferior materials, the selling point could be one of the company’s strength. In addition, Beijing is a city of aging people, to develop kin ds of traditional style furniture to satisfy the elderly people would be necessary. To Increase competitiveness in the markets, to decrease the products’ price is important. It not means using cheaper materials, but to expand the scale of its businesses. Average cost would be decreased if the scale of manufacture; price would be decreased due to decrease the resale and transport costs if there are more owned suppliers and retailers. In order to solving the problems, Moda Milano Mobili plan to hire more craftsmen and expanding the factory; they also trying to appoint more retail distributors in Australia and other countries. Question 2 Austrade provide many services for domestic companies who plan to develop its international markets. Those services are mainly information assists that include:? Provide information about markets and industry trends in particular countries or regions, to assist in the development of investment plans, strategies or objectives;? Make introductions to potential international partners, buyers and other in-market contacts;? Supply referrals to service providers who can give you specialist advice, such as lawyers, business advisors and investment promotion agencies;? Help exporter to access to international governments and other relevant overseas decision-makers in the market;? Advise about the process of establishing an overseas business;? Offer ongoing support, including help in identifying market opportunities, tendering for projects and promoting the business in the market; Other than that, Austrade also created a link with The Export Market Development Grants (EMDG) scheme which is a financial assistance rogram created by Australian government. Reference Australia GDP Growth Rate http://www. tradingeconomics. com/Economics/GDP-Growth. aspx? Symbol=AUD Beijing Statistical Information Net http://www. bjstats. gov. cn/sjfb/pcsj/rkpc/200607/t20060704_45119. htm Australian Home Furniture Directory http://www. homefurniture. com. au/ World Furniture Confederation website http://www. worldfurnitureconfederation. org/ Australia Government http://www. austrade. gov. au/Export/default. aspx We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study: Moda Milano Mobili Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study: Moda Milano Mobili Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study: Moda Milano Mobili Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Every AP Biology Practice Test Available Free and Official

Every AP Biology Practice Test Available Free and Official SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Practice tests can help you get familiar with the structure of the AP Biology examand feel more comfortable with the types of questions you'll be expected to answer on test day. Studying with practice tests can also give you insight into the specific struggles you might have with the material as presented on the AP test. You can then focus your studying appropriately to tackle these problems. In this article, I'll list all the practice tests for AP Biology that you can find online and give you a few tips on how to use them effectively as study aids for both the AP test and any in-class tests you have throughout the school year. Official AP Biology PracticeExams Official practice tests provide the best preparation for the AP test.You can be sure that the questions are accurate representations of what you'll see on the final exam. Unfortunately, I could only find one official practice test for the new version of the AP Biology test since the format and content changed so recently (2012).However, this practice test also has other information that makes it more helpful. It tells you how to calculate your score and includes detailed answer explanations for each question at the end. Official Practice Test #1 Don't start your practice with this test. It's the most accurate preparation you'll have forthe real AP test, so you should save it for towards the end of your second semester when you feel confident that you've mastered the material. It's better to begin studying with the unofficial tests in the next section as a warm-up! You can also access official free-response questions from 2013, 2014, and 2015 on the College Board website. Free Response Questions The free-response section of the AP Biology test is usually considered to be the most difficult part, so it’s good to have a little extra practice with these even if you’re not answering them in the context of a full practice test. In addition to these resources, all AP teachers have access to a bunch of free official practice AP tests online. You can ask your teacher if he or she will print a couple out for you to use in your studying. It might take more than one apple to get those extra practice tests out of your teacher, but ultimately everyone has a price. Want to get a perfect 5 on your AP exam and an A in class? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. UnofficialAP Biology PracticeExams There are many unofficial AP Biology practice tests out there that you can use to help review the material.There’s nothing wrong with using these tests to get more practice, but try not to rely on them exclusively because they are not always totally accurate representations of the real AP Biology exam.Some are aligned with the format of the pre-2012 exam, and some are just multiple-choice tests of varying lengths with no free response questions. Because the AP Biology exam has been revised, you'll get a more accurate estimate of how well you're doing if you use recent practice tests that are aligned with the new test's format. Before 2012, the AP Biology testhad 100 multiple-choice questions and four free-response questions rather than the current 63 multiple-choice questions, six grid-in questions, six short free-response questions, and two long free-response questions. The old test was also more memorization-based. On the current AP Biology exam, you'll have to answer a lot of questions that involve analyzing experimental data using your background knowledge of biology. You won't see questions that just ask you to do something like identify parts of a process in a diagram. A couple of these unofficial tests do have the same format as the current exam, including the Barron's practice test and all the tests in the "subscription needed" section. You should save these for later on in your second semester when you want to get a more accurate assessment of your readiness for the final exam (and then follow them up with the official practice test in the previous section if you feel confident that you've fixed your problem areas!). Free AP Biology Practice Tests Barron’s Practice Test Barron’s offers a free practice test online that has the same format as the current AP test. You can take it in timed or untimed (â€Å"practice†) mode. If you use practice mode, you can see answer explanations as you go along. The multiple-choice section has automated scoring, but you’ll have to self-score your free-response answers (guidelines are provided). My Max Score Practice Test This is an old-format test that includes 100 multiple choice questions and four free-response questions. It also has detailed answer explanations for all questions. Varsity Tutors Diagnostic Tests This is a list of ten multiple-choice diagnostic tests rated by difficulty level. Tests 4-10 have the same number of questions as the real multiple-choice section. Sorry, there are no free-response questions on this site. Kaplan Practice Tests There are a few unit-specific quizzes here along with two longer practice tests that have almost as many questions as the multiple-choice section on the real exam (58 and 62 as opposed to 63 + 6 grid-ins). There are no free-response questions. Learning Express 120-Question and 100-Question Practice Tests These are a couple more old-format multiple-choice tests with answers included at the end. If you just want to test yourself on the basic information in the course, these could be useful. Subscription Needed Shmoop Practice Tests (free trial available, $24.68 a month for subscription) A subscription to Shmoop will get you access to a diagnostic test plus five full AP Biology practice tests (including both multiple-choice and free-response questions, although these are of course unofficial). Shmoop tries a little too hard to relate to kids with their writing style, but if you're not put off by that, it might be a good resource for you. BenchPrep Practice Tests (with subscription that costs $30 a month) Here, you’ll get access to two full practice tests plus a ton of lessons. Practice Tests inReview Books You might also decide to order a review book to get access to more practice tests. You'll find some good resources in the books listed in my article on the best AP Biology books for 2016. Make sure you have some nice fresh erasers cuz your pencils are in for a wild ride across the treacherous terrain of the AP Biology curriculum. Wooohooooo! How to Use AP Biology Practice Tests This section is full of all the advice you need to follow to use AP Biology practice tests effectively during both your first and second semesters in the class. First Semester: Using Practice Tests for Your Class Although it might not make sense to take full practice tests yet, you can still use the materials in this article as resources for your studying.Look for free-response questions that relate to what you’ve learned so far so that you can start to get familiar with their format and expectations. There are also plenty of sites that have quizzes that touch on specific units in the AP Biology curriculum.These include Learnerator, Varsity Tutors (which I mention above for diagnostic tests, but they also have subject-by-subject quizzes), and Quizlet.These won’t be official questions, but they will help prepare you for in-class assessments and serve as a solid introduction to the types of questions you might be asked on the AP test.You should also check out my complete AP Biology review guide for more advice on how you can use online resources to study specific units of the course. Second Semester: Preparing for the AP Test By this time, you should be familiar with most of the material that you’ll see on the test.This means you can start using full practice tests to judge how you’ll score on the AP test and where your weaknesses lie.Remember to time yourself accurately when you take practice tests!Each time you take and score a practice test, you should also do an evaluation of your mistakes that will inform your studying going forward.Mistakes come in a few different forms, and things can be even more complex on the AP Biology test because there are technically four types of questions. Focus on the multiple-choice section first, including the grid-ins.Notice whether your mistakes tend to happen on straightforward questions where you just didn’t have the content knowledge or on questions that require deeper analysis.Were there specific content areas where you missed a significant number of questions?Keep track of this so that you can go back into your notes and review the appropriate unit(s).These are easy mistakes to fix. Did you have trouble interpreting and analyzing scenarios on the test even though you knew the background information?The remedy for this is more practice. There are many sites with AP Bio practice questions available.This book of practice questions is also useful because the questions faithfully replicate the new design of the test. It’s possible that your problem lies outside the specifics of the questions and more in the format of the test.Did you run out of time? Make a ton of careless mistakes?The solution to this is greater awareness of your pacing and more practice questions. Careless mistakes can be avoided by greater awareness of your surroundings. Also, how did someone even fit that big of a gum wad in their mouth? Was a giant chewing gum in this parking lot? Should we be concerned about his current location? I have a lot of questions. Grid-ins are weird, so you may have had trouble on them if you’re not big on the math aspect of biology.Try to find similar problems in your textbook, review book, or online so that you can practice your skills.The more math-oriented biology questions you do over time, the more likely it is that the questions on the test will be aligned with what you’ve already seen. After taking your multiple-choice mistakes into account, you can move onto the free response section.Notice which questions gave you the most trouble and why.Did you forget the information you needed, or were you confused about what the question was asking or how to analyze a diagram?Take these findings and apply them to your future practice! Essential AP Biology Practice Testing Tips Follow these four tips to be sure to get the most out of your AP Biology practice tests. #1: Replicate Realistic Test Conditions It’s always important to be faithful to the rules of the real test when you take practice tests so that your scores accurately reflect your potential.That means an hour and thirty minutes for each section.This is the only way to judge whether time is going to be an issue for you.You should also print out the test so that you take it in the right format. Have a calculator on hand as well.If you’re really dedicated, you can even have someone serve as your mock proctor. #2: Don’t Panic if You’re Not Familiar With Scenarios You See on the Test Even if you’ve gone over every in-class lab that you had to do for AP Biology, you will still run into examples you haven’t seen before.It’s important not to psych yourself out when this happens.Focus on the diagrams and what you can learn from them, and see if you can think of a related experiment that will clue you into what they mean.Use your common sense; many questions will depend more heavily on your ability to analyze the situation at hand than on your memorization talent. #3: Give Yourself Plenty of Time for the Grid-Ins The so-called multiple-choice section also includes six grid-in questions.These questions are at the end of the section, and they will probably take you longer to solve than most multiple-choice questions.Try not to spend more than a minute on each multiple-choice question.If you find that you’re taking too much time, you should move on and come back to it later! #4: Spend 5-10 Minutes Reading the Free-Response Questions Before You Start Writing It’s a smart idea to start with the free-response questions that you know you can answer quickly and accurately. Leading with these questions will boost your confidence and help you avoid problems with time.Use the short reading period to look over all eight free-response questions and see which ones will be easiest for you to tackle. For example, I would definitely answer a question about snails first. I love snails. My pet snail died not too long ago, and I'm scared to get another one because I don't want to feel that pain again. Want to get a perfect 5 on your AP exam and an A in class? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Conclusion You should take plenty of practice tests as part of your studying for AP Biology.You can’t expect pure memorization to save you on questions that ask you to analyze scenarios you’ve never seen before. Practice questions are the key to improvement! You can use a mixture of official and unofficial tests to practice. Just be wary of major differences in your scores from test to test so that you can accurately assess your readiness for the final.You can even use these tests throughout the year to practice for specific units of the course.If you do enough serious practice, the real AP test will be a piece of cake (well, maybe not, but it will be much less traumatizing). What's Next? Check out my detailed guide to the AP Biology Exam for more information about what's on this test and how you can prepare for it. Are you taking both AP tests and SAT Subject Tests? Find out which kind of test is more important and what the major differences are between the two. Many students take AP classes in the hopes of earning credit for college coursework in high school. Learn more about how AP credit works in college. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Ways of Knowing and the Truth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ways of Knowing and the Truth - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the quest for knowledge and its acquisition since time immemorial, continues till date, because, knowledge has helped man conduct his life better and thereby empowered him in many ways. Therefore, it is not very surprising that a number of philosophers and thinkers of the past have been pre-occupied by the concept of Knowledge. While some may hold that knowledge is nothing but the truth, some others have given importance to the various branches of Knowledge and their applications, and quite a few other philosophers have pondered over the epistemology itself, regarding its sources; constituent elements; ways of acquiring knowledge, and so on. It is useful to get acquainted with epistemology. This is because human beings are surrounded in daily life by a multitude of challenges that require them to be aware of their own cultural, linguistic, financial, moral and ethical principles which influence their day-to-day decisions.   Interesti ngly, there has been no single, direct answer to the question â€Å"what is meant by ‘truth’?   In the New Testament, Pontius Pilate, the Roman Governor, asks Jesus Christ what the latter had done in order to be brought before him. To this Jesus refers to the concept of truth thus, implying that it - ‘Truth’ exists as an independent entity, â€Å"You †¦ I am a king. For this reason, I was born, and for this I came into the world, to testify to the truth; everyone on the side of truth listens to me;† to which Pilate questions Christ "What is the truth?"... "Truth may perhaps come to the price of a pearl that showeth best by day; but it will not rise to the price of a diamond, or carbuncle, that showeth best in varied lights" (Bacon 1). Here Bacon too, does not deal with the concept of truth directly, but through the use of analogy of pearl. Bacon implicates that pure form truth does have its value and glow, which is compared to the subdued lustre of pearls whereas half-truths or truth when mixed with a bit of lies is more attractive, like the glitter of a diamond. Bertrand Russell in "Truth and Falsehood" in his Problems of Philosophy, puts forward the "correspondence" theory of truth; this states that 'truth is the understanding that results from the manner in which one's belief's describe reality; and therefore, truth is "a belief is true when there is a corresponding fact, and is false when there is no corresponding fact." (cited in Reading For Philosophical Inquiry: A Brief Introduction, p. 2). Plato initially theorized that 'knowledge' or in order 'to know' something, three conditions - called the "Conditions of Knowledge," namely a) it should be true; 2) One should consciously believe it; and 3) sufficient evidence should justify it (Southwell 4). This is referred to as the "tripartite theory of knowledge" or "knowledge" is "justified true belief" (Holt 1). There are two theories associated with the source of Knowledge: 1) Empiricism, and 2) Rationalism (Holt 1). The first theory states that knowledge gained is mainly based in experience, and second theory holds that knowledge is gained, based mainly on logical thinking and reason. Regarding the ways or means of knowing, there are four ways of knowing, given by philosophy, the nature, merits and demerits of which are worthy of discussion. The Four

Personal writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal writing - Essay Example In contrast, the lives of the two main protagonists were ended in such a pitiful and tragic event. To wit, Romeo drank the mortal drug from an Apothecary of Mantua while Juliet stabbed herself to death by using Romeo’s dagger. Before drinking the fatal drug, Romeos sadness made him to say, â€Å"Here’s to my love! O true Apothecary! / Thy drugs are quick. Thus with a kiss I die† (Shakespeare 5.3.119-120). Such was the most valiant act I have ever known that a human could possibly do because of love. To die for the person who is considered as your life. On the other hand, Juliet upon knowing the death of Romeo declared, â€Å"Yea, noise? Then I’ll be brief. O happy dagger! / This is thy sheath; there rust, and let me die† (Shakespeare 5.3.169-170). Indeed, the power of love can make us irrational sometimes. Such was Romeo and Juliet’s actuations in the novel. In relation, some critics have persistently argued that these two irrational acts were the ruthless fruit of their everlasting love. On the contrary, there are few who have contended that the heartbreaking moment was exacerbated by their family duel. This circumstance has limited their respective freedom to express love and affection with each other. Consequently, since the first introduction of this novel in 1595, there have been many arguments given just to provide an explanation of who was most to blame for their death and was it proper to impute that blame on such characters. Moreover, a number of avid readers and audiences suggested that the older generation was the one guilty and not the youngsters. Surprisingly, others have pointed out that the terrible death of Romeo and Juliet was attributed to the acts of Friar Laurence, the Franciscan priest who has been loyal to the central male character. In bizarre cases, even the two lovers have been singled out for blame. Despite these various facts,

Parent-Child Relationships in a Diverse Society Research Paper

Parent-Child Relationships in a Diverse Society - Research Paper Example Following this we will discuss how this issue has been viewed from a historical perspective and discuss the impact of the employment of women in the public sphere on relationships within the family unit. Following his, we will explore the change and challenges associated with this trend at both a personal and a societal level (MacKinnon, 1999). Gender is an underlying characteristic all societies and the social construction of gender roles, behaviors and expectations is an importance aspect of modern American society. In a lucid essay entitled â€Å"Gender Role, Behavior and Attitudes†, Aaron Devor explores the socially constructed nature of gender in modern society and persuasively argues for a reevaluation of traditional gender role expectations in modern society. Unlike sex, gender is artificially imposed and although based upon biological differences between men and women, gender is socially constructed. As a social construct, gender roles, behaviors, attitudes and expectations are created by society and enforced by social norms. The idea that a woman belongs in the home to cook, clean and raise the children is a socially constructed concept that many people believe without questioning. The funny thing about gender is that we are led to believe that it is innate and something that we are born with. As Aaron Davor so eloquently points out, gender is created, acquired and constructed by the greater society at large. Sex has a biological basis and is predetermined at birth. Gender, on the other hand, is a social construction and gender roles and expectations are unique to each and every society. As social actors, individuals play an important role in the construction and creation of gender roles, attitudes and expectations and are not simply passive recipients of societal expectations about how men and

Gender In Respond To Stress And Overcome Stress Psychology Essay

Gender In Respond To Stress And Overcome Stress Psychology Essay The process of growing, different gender does have different respond on when facing the stress and even the way of copping the stress. In this study, we were targeting with both gender by category their age, race, culture and surrounding issue that influence or change them the point of respond to stress and the way of copping the stress. There are many issue and different causes of creating stress for our daily life but it is not a way for both genders. We could have more understand type of stress is facing on the certain age and different respond both genders. In the study, we had realize that a great changing view respond to stress and overcome the stress in both gender on category age of teenager and adult. Furthermore, changing view of stress found in different culture for both gender. It is reason for when reach an adult age. Working environment has making them change. Stress In this world, our daily life is filled with stress. Stress is a common issue that has become a discussion among researchers. There are many reasons why a person gets involve in a stressful condition. Based on Laheys study, sources of stress can be categorized into five category which are life events, frustration, conflict, pressure and environmental condition (Lahey,2012). Life events is one of the major sources of stress as people need to have adjustments in their life every day, regardless of any situations or conditions (Dohrenwend,2006;Lahey,2012). Negative events such as losing a loved one or losing a home after disaster creates anxiety, depression and physical illnesses and psychological illnesses (Lahey,2012) However, even positive events can be stressful too. Getting a new car or house, graduating from college, getting married are also happy situations where people need time to adjust to their normal living pattern ( Lahey, 2012). Frustration Other source of stress comes from frustration which is the result or decision that could not able to satisfy a motive (Lahey,2012). Continuous dissatisfactory of the results gained such as individuals being subjected to racial discrimination would be able to become major source of stress.(Gallo Matthews; Lahey,2012) Conflict The third source of stress is conflict in which a state of two or more motives cannot be satisfied because they interfere with one another. (Lahey, 2012) Conflict happens when two people have different goals or different opinions in which both of them are trying to get an agreement. In this condition, two major source of stress in conflict are trying to satisfy each other with their different opinions while being aware of each other to accept their individual decision. Pressure Stress can be aroused from pressure in facing threats of negative events ( Lahey, 2012). For example, college students feel pressure due to handing in assignments before dateline and preparing for exams. A single mother will feel pressure when providing provision for her family while performing well in her job. An employee will feel pressure in pleasing the boss with excellent work while competing with other colleague. Environmental conditions The environment that we are surrounded by is also one of the factor that causes stress ( Lahey, 2012). For instance, if a person lives in a an environment filled with noise pollution, chances of an increase in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration is high and hindrance in the digestive processes is possible ( Hughes M., 2010 ) . Introduction Different Gender in Respond to Stress and How Overcome the Stress. There are many reasons that cause stress; even we are still at a young age. We believe that both genders have their own methods in responding to stress. At the same time we also believe that both genders responses to stress can be influence by other aspect. In the sports field, both genders athletes have different methods to cope with stress. Researchers found that women use the coping strategies of venting motions, positive reinterpretation, dissociation, and emotional social support more often than men did to cope with stress. ( Hammermeister Burton 2004; Mark Toto 2009). Besides that, there is another study about racial discrimination and ways on how to cope with stress among African Americans (Utsey, Ponterotto, Reynolds Cancelli, 2000). It was found that between adult men and women, women tend to seek social support more than men do (Flora Rahim, 2006). Based on the studies, we understand that both genders have different ways of coping with stress. Furthermore, genders differences have an effect in anxiety disorders that appears to begin around the age of 6 where female are higher than male with ratio is already 2:1 (Robinson, 2006; Sharon Jennifer, 2011). From the statement we understood that stress begins at the adolescence stage. In the study of Kagan and Lewis (1965), it was found that girls are more mentally developed ahead of boys. Therefore, girls have better response to stress compared to male at the adolescence stage (Walter Terry, 1974). This led us to believe that different stress occurs in adolescence stage. Nevertheless, some studies have evidences that clearly stated the differences between genders affect stress. Girls have higher level of stress than boys do during their teenage years as they are more likely to be more aggressive to have conflict with parent and teacher. (Walter Terry, 1974). Based on the MacFarlane (1970) study, during period high school period, girls slightly manifest more anxiety than boys (Walter Terry, 1974). On other hand, women may also experience more school-related anxiety than men during both stressful events (examinations) as well as the long term events (Martin, 1997). Besides schooling period, a study showed that during college period, women experience more negative images of themselves and they are more likely to manifest neurotic symptoms than male (McKee and Sherriffs,1957 as cited in Walter Terry,1974). Other researches analysis provided us some insight on the differences between male and female supporting staff. There are differences in stress outcomes experienced by male and female workers between the age of 25 to 30 year old (Dr. Zafir Fazilah). A study showed that women suffer more stress from working environment compared to men because women also experience certain unique stressors such as gender inequality as well as experiencing stressors common to both genders (Kristina Stephen, 2004). Besides that, for married couples, it is believed that neighborhood stressors will have greater impact on womens mental health rather than mens (Flora Rahim, 2006).There is a considerable amount of evidence indicating that women are more psychologically and physiologically reactive to stressors than men (Liu, Spector Lin Shi, 2008). Through this study and the statement provided, we found that women have the higher percentage to develop stress compared to men. For ways of coping stress, there is a slight difference between both genders. In a study, adult men were found to resort to alcoholic method more than women (Christopher Alvin, 2009). Based on Jessicas study, since men are taught that it is unacceptable to express their depression to others, they may seek comfort from other sources such as alcohol. Indeed, one argument supported the idea that the different rates of depression between men and women are illusionary is that alcoholism is twice as common in men as in women (Murakumi J., 2002). Discussion Conclusion. After analyzing the studies and research papers related to the topic, our group agreed that the first thesis is different gender respond to stress in different ways. It is confirmed that the thesis we had made matches the evident to support it. Besides that, we found that different response in stress starts during teenage years with female developing faster than male. On the overall view, all members of our group believed that the methods used to cope with stress are different where female are far more mature than male. Furthermore, we found that the stress level is different for both gender at young age with females getting more anxiety and more depression especially in high school period when compared to males. The reason for higher level of females depression in high school is because female starts to gets themselves non-invisible attention in school through usage of make up so that they are able to follow the trend of teenage years. It is the reason that women have high stress ou tcome than men. Hence, it led us to believe that women have the higher risk to have psychological illnesses such as insomnia and anxiety disorder. However, female are better in managing with stress based on a study by Mark and Toto (2009). Female are known to vent their emotions, positive reinterpretation, dissociation, and emotional social support more often than men do. (Mark and Toto, 2009). Yet this does not mean that males are healthier than female. Males often use negative way to cope with stress compared to females. Examples like alcohol and smoking cigarettes are common ways for males to cope with stress. This brings great impact to the body heath such as lung cancer and liver diseases. Nevertheless not all of the male are using the same negative copping stress as males also use positive ways to cope with stress. For example they do sports to cope with their stress. The current statement had reached our other thesis which is that both genders have their different ways to cop e with stress. At the end, our group came out with a thesis that both genders have their own ways to respond to stress and to cope with stress because everyone have their own personality, thinking and stress outcome.

Barkovs Hamlet: A Tragedy of Errors Essay -- essays research papers

William Shakespeare authorship: The text of Hamlet contains indications that Shakespeare portrayed himself as an allegedly dead university graduate. HAMLET: A TRAGEDY OF ERRORS, OR THE TRAGICAL FATE OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE? by Alfred Barkov To the contents When the text of William Shakespeare: a mask for Hamlet - Christopher Marlowe? William Shakespeare Hamlet is read attentively, and no details are disregarded, it becomes evident that William Shakespeare included in it something quite different from what has been traditionally interpreted. According to the text, prince Hamlet was not a son to king Hamlet, king Hamlet has never been poisoned, pregnant Ophelia was drowned by prince Hamlet's half-brother. Though that might sound odd, the facts Shakespeare included in the text suggest that the plot of Hamlet has been perceived erroneously. In what we traditionally consider to be the plot of Hamlet, there exist multiple contradictions and discrepancies which cannot be explained within the established interpretation. Even the age of the hero is not known for sure: Hamlet of the Act I is around twenty while in the Act V he appears to be thirty years old. If we really rate Shakespeare's talent that highly as we use to proclaim, we have to exercise a different approach to the contradictions in Hamlet. That is, they must be treated as composition means intended by Shakespeare as integral parts of the structure of Hamlet. Attentive reading suggests that the contradictions reflect a sophisticated structure with two plots both containing seemingly the same cast of characters factually possessing with different biographies. Though the real plot of Hamlet as it was intended by Shakespeare can be comprehended without employment of any theory, there was necessary to develop a version of Literary Theory capable to address the problems of decoding and describing the inner structure of special class of fiction called menippeah. Despite that Hamlet belongs to that class, in my paper, I avoided plunging into the issues of literary theory because the hidden content of any menippeah can be perceived with just attentive reading, Shakespeare's Hamlet being no exception. Menippeah is different from the three known classes of fiction: the epics, the lyrics, and the drama. It employs a specific way of narrating widely used even in everyday communication (when irony is intended.)... ...lizabeth?.. The Shakespeare mystery was maintained at the state level as a top state secret. Queen Elizabeth personally tackled two cases threatening the fate of Christopher Marlowe. Chapter VIII: The second Virgin in the history of human civilization? Christopher Marlowe taught Arabella Stuart, a prospective queen. The parliament adopted a decision the throne should be succeeded by Queen Elizabeth's 'natural' rather than 'legitimate' issue. Chapter IX: Is Christopher Marlowe The Swan of Avon? Shakespeare-Hamlet: is Marlowe the Swan of Avon? The place Queen Elizabeth delivered a child in April 1564 is situated on river Avon. That might attribute Ben Jonson's definition to Marlowe. Related pages: Shakespeare Authorship. Hamlet and Marlowe's works: same structure Hamlet by William Shakespeare, and Christopher Marlowe's dramas possess with identical very sophisticated structure. Hamlet, a summary (The complete version, in Russian) Roberta Ballantine's site dedicated to Christopher Marlowe William Shakespeare Authorship Roundtable Alfred Barkov ut5ab alfred@barkov.kiev.ua P.O. Box 36 Kiev 01103 Ukraine Copyright  © Alfred Barkov 2000, 2003 Last updated: Nov. 23, 2003

Psychoanalytic and Trait Approaches to Personality Essay

The study of personality had been one of the most intriguing subjects of psychology. Personality refers to a complex set of characteristics unique to the individual which form basis on how he/she feels, thinks, and behaves (Engler, 2003). Personality theories are varied and each one tries to explain the development of personality and its manifestations. The study of personality had also led to a number of assessment tools that aim to quantify and describe personality. Moreover, the stability of one’s personality had also been found to be associated with the mental health of a person, as well as the quality of his/her relationship with others. Recently, personality had also been linked to biological health and certain types of illnesses. This paper discusses the psychoanalytic and trait approaches to the study of personality. The psychoanalytic approach to the study of personality was developed by Sigmund Freud in the early history of the development of psychology as a scientific discipline. The psychoanalytic approach says that personality is shaped by the unconscious forces in one’s mental state (Larsen & Buss, 2005). Individuals are often unaware of the unconscious mental forces and how it can influence behavior, thoughts, and emotions. Personality is composed of three structures, the id, ego, and superego. The id refers to the drives and instincts, the superego refers to the conscience or moral agency, and the ego is the mediator between the id and superego and is the social agency. The three agencies can be in conflict and produces anxiety, the personality develops defense mechanisms to cope with the anxieties. The trait approach to personality says that personality is relatively stable from childhood to adulthood and that a person can be portrayed through his/her personality traits of which quite a number has been identified by trait theorists. Traits refer to the personal characteristics of the individual that describes his/her patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings. Modern trait theory endorses the Big 5 personality traits (OCEAN) which includes openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (Larsen & Buss, 2005). These personality traits had been found to exist in different cultures and can adequately describe a person’s personality. The difference between psychoanalytic to the trait approach is how the psychoanalytic theory explains the development of personality as rooted in the unconscious mental states and childhood experiences of the individual. Trait theory suggests that the framework of one’s personality is already present at birth and continues to develop over the course of one’s life. However, the basic personality traits will remain and influence the development of other traits (Funder, 2007). The psychoanalytic theory had it right when it said that previous experiences influences one’s personality and defense mechanisms are used to ease anxieties brought about by unconscious drives and impulses. We know that one’s experiences strongly affect one’s personality, for example, a child deprived of parental love may become untrusting, cynical and have poor relationships in adulthood. Defense mechanisms are patterns of behavior that are used as responses to anxieties to maintain normal functioning. The trait theory on the other hand was correct when it said that traits can be used to describe the person and that personality traits are stable over time. Personality traits are descriptions of behavioral, cognitive, and affective patterns that people have in varying degrees. For example, people who are extroverted are funny, sociable, friendly, and approachable; it would be very difficult to find a person who is an extrovert and yet be reserved and shy. Moreover, personality traits are fairly stable, a child who is shy may overcome his/her shyness but on accession will exhibit some form of shyness. The psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the unconscious mental states of the individual as precursors of personality, however, if a person is not aware of this mental state, then how could that person be influenced by such forces. Moreover, psychoanalytic theory made mention that childhood experiences determines the personality of the individual, Freud however did not account for the fact that individuals with happy childhoods can also develop personality problems in adulthood. Trait theory on the other hand claim that the Big 5 personality traits are found across cultures, however, since trait theorists have already identified thousands of traits, is it not easier for them to categorize such traits into five universal traits. In addition, trait theory says that traits can adequately describe a person, however, how can traits fully portray the complex person by single trait. Trait theory attempts to provide a simplistic explanation to a very complex concept such as personality. Freud’s defense mechanisms are thought patterns that attempt to diffuse the anxiety that is brought about by conflicts in one’s personality. Denial is one of the most used defense mechanism; denial means to refuse the truth or the reality of an event or situation. For example, when one is diagnosed to be terminally ill, the first response is denial. The truth that one is dying is too painful for the individual to bear and causes anxiety, in order to deal with the anxiety, the individual may deny the diagnosis and believe that the doctor have made a mistake. Projection occurs when the individual attributes his/her own unacceptable impulses to another person. For example, a man who is confused with his sexuality may begin to hate gay men, hating gays would tell the person that he is not gay and therefore eases the anxiety of his confused feelings. Repression is used to control traumatic experiences or events that are full of anxiety. A child who had been abused by an adult may repress the memories and push it into the unconscious so that it would not be remembered. The psychoanalytic theory was developed in Victorian England where anything pertaining to one’s sexuality was considered as a taboo and inappropriate (Engler, 2003). Freud was a neurologist and begun his work treating individuals with mental disorders which he called dementia. In his treatment, he discovered that most people who exhibited bizarre disorders had repressed memories and unconscious thoughts which were sexually laden. Freud deduced that the cause of the anxiety and illnesses of his patients where unconscious desires and traumatic childhood experiences which have prevented patients from building relationships, coping with life’s demands and adjustments to life events. Consequently, Freud developed a theory of personality that would integrate the knowledge he gained from his patients and the treatments that he used. Freud’s theoretical concepts were labeled with notoriety as it included sexism which society did not approve of (Engler, 2003). Out of the Big 5 personality traits, the trait that best describes my personality is openness, I am adventurous and curious, and I always welcome the opportunity to learn something new. Thus, I am always open to new situations and experiences. I have a wider perspective than most people do do, I usually do not have opinions about things that I have not experienced, but I am open to the fact that I may or may not enjoy a new experience. I believe that being open to new experiences enriches my personality; I am the kind of person who always signs up for new events, the first in the bungee jumping line, and the first to eat raw fish eggs. The personality trait that least describes me is neuroticism. As a person, I am aware of who I am and what I want from life, I have values and principles in life that I subscribe to in whatever I do, thus I am not prone to insecurities and I am emotionally stable. I rarely have emotional outbursts and uncontrollable anger towards other people. I am in touch with my own feelings and I can express my emotions constructively. Since modern personality trait theory is the most widely applied theory of personality, I must say that it is more able to describe personality than the psychoanalytic theory. Trait theory had been the basis of numerous personality tests and inventories which all measure and classify thoughts, feelings, and behavior under different personality traits. In conclusion, personality is a complex psychological construct that attempts to provide an explanation of why people have different traits, characteristics, behaviors, and coping strategies. Personality can be studied as an aspect of the totality of a person or it may also be used to describe the personhood of the individual. In any case, there is still more to learn about personality for at present we still have an incomplete picture of personality.

International Commercial Arbitration Essays

International Commercial Arbitration Essays International Commercial Arbitration Essay International Commercial Arbitration Essay Student Number: 16476928 PART I: Question 1 (30 marks) â€Å"An international arbitration procedure is governed by the terms of the agreement between the Parties, by the Rules under which they have chosen to conduct their arbitration, and by the legislation of the jurisdiction in which they have chosen to arbitrate. † Discuss how these three elements interact from the drafting of the dispute resolution agreement through to the enforcement of the resulting Award. International arbitration is the process in which disputing parties from different states can elect to resolve their disputes. The outcome of this is a binding award that due to international law of the New York Convention, can be enforced in many countries. International arbitration awards are final and binding, and their enforcement in provided for by the New York Convention[1]. International arbitration is often described as a hybrid of dispute resolution, as it permits parties a uniquely broad flexibility in designing arbitral proceedings. The elementary factor of all international arbitrations is that it is consensual. Simply, without an agreement to arbitrate, there will be no arbitration. Consent is fundamental in the arbitration process and begins from the very first decision to enter into an arbitration agreement[2]. In addition, the terms of the arbitration agreement between the parties plays a primary role in governing the arbitral proceedings[3]. The inclusion of an arbitration clause in a contract streamlines the resolution of a dispute between the parties, as it sets out procedures from he beginning. By drafting a dispute resolution agreement that specifically accommodates the needs of each party, there is greater assurance of a successful negotiation. The terms between the parties and the Rules which they have chosen to govern their arbitration are highly influential in shaping the dispute resolution process and the outcome. By choosing pre-existing arbitration rules and procedures, as opposed to ad hoc, par ties may feel more secure in the outcome as they are using an established format that has already been proven workable. Pre existing rules offer parties support and guidance throughout the process which can be very significant in shaping this process, as well as the enforcement of the final award. In effect, an institutional arbitration entrusts the arbitration to a major institution, while ad hoc is conducted without this guidance or organisation. For this reason, ad hoc arbitration can be more flexible. [4] Arbitration Rules act as a predetermined system of guidelines and procedures to assist parties throughout their arbitration process. For example, the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules are a set of procedural rules that afford model arbitration clauses for parties to use in their contract, procedures to be used for appointing arbitrators and policies to conduct arbitration proceedings, as well as requirements regarding the arbitration award. Arbitration clauses commonly state that the parties are bound by the specific Rules of the Arbitration provider that they have chosen. Consequently during the drafting of the dispute resolution clause, parties make a conscious decision on what Rules they want to conduct their arbitration under, as these are the Rules that will govern a future dispute if it arises. Many agreements may not expressly include or outline the provider’s rules, yet they are considered part of the agreement between the contracting parties. Arbitration agreements are often pursuant to a standard form arbitration clause from the institution which they choose to refer to[5]. Rules of each institution provide procedures and policies that are to be followed and adhered to in the event a dispute arises. Inevitably, they will thus govern, to an extent, the procedure conducted in the international arbitration. Many countries laws allow parties generous freedom in deciding the procedures that they would like to govern their arbitration. This is apparent as parties can adopt and incorporate procedural rules of a specific institution, which consequently have a significant influence on the arbitration procedure. Thus Rules chosen by the parties to conduct their arbitration are highly formative in determining the style of the arbitration procedure. As institutional Rules vary, so does the structural style of the arbitration. The freedom given to parties in drafting their arbitration agreement is vast, and is one that is often utilised[6]. While institutional rules outline procedures that are to be taken, detailed regulation of the procedure is up to what the parties agree upon and/or what the tribunal decides. The autonomy of the parties involved in the dispute is said to be a guiding principle in determining the procedures that are to be followed in international arbitrations[7]. The terms of the contract between the parties outlines the obligations that each party has agreed to perform. These terms are used to interpret and resolve any disputes which may arise, in conjunction with the arbitration Rules that have been chosen[8]. The terms of the agreement between the parties create the foundational contractual basis of the agreement. Refusal or failure to perform a contractual obligation will lead to a breach of one of these terms which consequently creates a dispute between the parties. It is then that the arbitration clause is invoked. The law that is applicable to the arbitration agreement is sometimes expressly chosen by the parties. Often the substantive law that governs the main contract between the two parties is the law which governs the arbitration agreement. [9] The procedural law that applies to the arbitration must not be overlooked, as it impacts greatly on the arbitration procedure. Procedural law under which the parties have chosen to arbitrate may require or stipulate specific arbitral procedures or restrain procedures. In addition the procedural law influences the enforcement of the arbitral award. Consequently any exceptions to the enforceability of arbitral awards must be assessed under application of the relevant procedural law in which parties have chosen to arbitrate[10]. There are only limited grounds in the New York Convention for refusing to recognise or enforce an arbitral award[11]. If an arbitration agreement is not valid under its governing law then it is not enforceable. Most of the trading states have legislation regarding arbitration that corresponds with the rule of the New York Convention, which states that arbitration agreements are ‘presumptively enforceable’[12]. If there is a valid arbitration agreement between parties, this confers jurisdiction upon the arbitration tribunal to arbitrate. As a result, the disputing parties are ‘contractually obligated to submit their dispute to arbitration. ’ It is this arbitration agreement, as well as the law governing the arbitration, which vests power in the arbitrators[13]. The New York Convention provides that procedures must be in accordance with the agreement between the parties, and it is this which illustrates the significance that party autonomy plays in the arbitration process. However it is also noted that limitations do exists on this autonomy as a result of mandatory provisions of the law of the state in which the arbitration is conducted. These mandatory provisions mostly designate the boundaries in which arbitrators and parties are to work within[14]. Globalisation has increased trade and investment which has demanded need for methods of resolving disputes which are then enforceable. International Arbitration meets this demand as it allows for flexible and accommodating dispute resolution which is governed by the choices and promises between parties. Arbitration offers flexible procedural rules and practiced legal principles to parties to resolve their disputes. The settlement of international disputes by arbitration is an invaluable feature of the world’s current legal landscape. Carefully drafted arbitration clauses allow parties substantial control over the resolution of their dispute[15], and thus the Rules under which they have chosen to conduct their arbitration play a pivotal role in the arbitration procedure. BIBLIOGRAPHY Clayton Utz ‘A guide to International Arbitration’ (2012) A Guide to International Arbitration- Second Edition. Emilia Onyema, International Commercial Arbitration and the Arbitrator’s Contract, (Taylor and Francis Group 2010) Gary B. Born , International Commercial Arbitration: Commentary and Materials, 2nd edition (Kluwer Law International 2001) Gary B. Born , International Arbitration and Forum Selection Agreements: Drafting and Enforcing, 3rd Edition (Kluwer Law International 2010) Gloria Miccoili, ‘International Commercial Arbitration’ The American Society of International Law. Jeff Waincymer , ‘Procedure and Evidence in International Arbitration’ (2012) Kluwer Law International. Julian M. Lew , Loukas A. Mistelis , et al. , Comparative International Commercial Arbitration, (Kluwer Law International 2003)Randy J . Aliment, ‘Alternative Dispute Resolution in International Business Transactions’ The Brief, 2009 Nigel Blackaby , Constantine Partasides , et al. , Redfern and Hunter on International Arbitration, (Oxford University Press 2009) PART II: (60 marks) 2. The dispute resolution clause is imperfect. Under which Rules will the Claimant likely have instituted arbitration proceedings? State your reasons. [3 marks] Claimant will likely have instituted arbitration proceedings under the ICC Arbitration Rules as they are referred to in the dispute resolution clause of article 47. The facts also state that the claimant filed its Request for Arbitration with the ICC Secretariat in Hong Kong. Also it is likely that the claimant will use the ICC Rules as they are applicable to different legal traditions and to disputes between parties from different parts of the world, regardless of whether they are members of the ICC or not. Furthermore the ICC Rules are purposed for the use of worldwide proceedings conducted in different languages and laws[16]. In addition, ICC Arbitrations can be held anywhere in the world and awards are enforceable in many of the world’s trading nations. By choosing to follow ICC Rules there is greater assurance of a nonpartisan framework to guide the dispute resolution process for parties involved in international commercial business transactions. 3. Draft a better arbitration clause for this Design Agreement. [4 marks] â€Å"Article 47: In the event of any dispute arising out of or in connection with the present contract, the parties agree to submit the matter to settlement proceedings under the ICC ADR Rules. If the dispute has not been settled pursuant to the said Rules within 45 days following the filing of a Request for ADR or within such other period as the parties may agree in writing, such dispute shall be finally settled under the Rules of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce by one or more arbitrators appointed in accordance with the said Rules of Arbitration. The place of the arbitration will be Melbourne, Australia. The language of the arbitration will be English. The agreement is governed by Australian law, and all disputes arising out or in connection with this agreement shall be resolved in accordance with, the law of Australia. † Assume for the purpose of the remaining questions that the ICC Court accepts the case. 4. The ICC Court decides to appoint a sole arbitrator. Is the ICC likely to choose either Dr Sunderkay or Ms Ixtapa, or someone else? State your reasons. [3 marks] In cases such as this one where there is a sole arbitrator, the process for choosing the arbitrator is dependent on how the decision was made to have a sole arbitrator. In this case, the Court decided that there would be a sole arbitrator and thus the parties will not be granted any extra time to agree on an arbitrator but instead the Court will directly proceed to appoint a sole arbitrator[17]. The ICC is likely to choose someone else, pursuant to Article 13 of the ICC Rules as the disputing parties have not come to agreement about an arbitrator. Under the Rules, the Court must choose an arbitrator while considering their nationality, residence and other relations with the parties and persons in the dispute. The Court has wide discretion under Article 13 to exercise its powers in appointing the sole arbitrator. 5. Who decides which language is to be used in the arbitration proceedings? What is the decision likely to be, and why? [3 marks] Usually the language to be used in the arbitration proceedings is decided and specified in the arbitration agreement between the parties. However, in the absence of such agreement between the parties, the language shall be determined by the arbitral tribunal pursuant to Article 20 of the ICC Rules[18]. In this process, consideration is given to relevant circumstances, specifically the language of the original contract. In this case the decision is likely to be English as the contract appears to be in English. This will be a relevant factor in the decisions of the arbitral tribunal. As English is not the native language of both parties to the dispute, interpretation will be necessary, the costs of which are to be shared equally by the parties[19]. The choice of the language to be used in the proceedings must be carefully considered. Fairness is critical and enquiry must be made to ensure that one party is not disadvantaged by the decision, and that there is not too much delay in hearings[20]. Bearing in mind that the Terms of Reference, the procedural timetable and the procedural orders are to be drafted in the language of the arbitration, the decision of which language to use in the arbitration is a preliminary and critical step. 6. How is the president of the tribunal likely to be chosen and why? [3 marks] Where an arbitration is to have three arbitrators, the third arbitrator will act as the president of the arbitral tribunal. Generally this president will be appointed by the court unless parties have agreed to another process for this[21]. The president of the tribunal is chosen pursuant to Article 13 of the ICC Rules which outlines the ‘Appointment and Confirmation of the Arbitrators’. In choosing the president the ICC Court will consider the prospective arbitrator’s nationality and residence as well as the relationships he/she might have with countries which are involved in the arbitration process, as well as the prospective arbitrators availability and ability to arbitrate within the Rules of the ICC[22]. The Secretary General may authorize a person nominated by the parties to the dispute or a person pursuant to the agreement between the parties, as the president of the tribunal, provided they satisfy requirements in Article 13(2). If the Secretary General finds that a president of a tribunal should not be confirmed, this matter will be then submitted to the Court. Where it is up to the Court to appoint an arbitrator, such appointment shall be made upon proposal, and if this is not successful, can directly appoint any person who the Court finds to be suitable[23], the criteria of such suitability is established in Article 13(4). The president of the arbitral tribunal shall be of a nationality different to those of the parties to the arbitration. However, where circumstances allow and where neither party objects, the president of the Tribunal may be chosen from a country of which either party is a national[24]. As there is much disagreement between the parties surrounding the appointment of arbitrators and no agreement has been come to, it is likely that the Court will choose the president of the tribunal. Furthermore, the dispute resolution clause under Article 47 of the Futurocity Project Agreement states that ‘parties agree that their dispute shall be resolved†¦.. sing one or more arbitrators chosen by the ICC Court of Arbitration’. 7. The parties have agreed that the place of the arbitration (seat) is Melbourne Australia. The dispute resolution clause stipulates that â€Å"New York law is to govern†. Who will decide which procedural law to use? Which jurisdiction’s procedur al law will likely be used? Why? [3 marks] The procedural law of an arbitration is also referred to as the lex arbitri or the curial law. Procedural law is dependant on the seat of the arbitration. Distinction must be made between the Procedural law and the Substantive law. Procedural law establishes the role that local courts will have in the arbitration process. When an arbitration uses a set of procedural rules such as the ICC Rules, the effect of the procedural law is reduced. Pursuant to Article 19 of the ICC Rules, arbitration proceedings are to be governed by the ICC Rules, and where the Rules are silent, proceedings are to be governed by rules that have been chosen by the parties. If the parties to the dispute have not decided on the procedural law to be used, it will be the task of the arbitral tribunal. As the procedural law is likely to be chosen in conjunction with the seat of the arbitration, it is likely that the procedural law of Australia’s jurisdiction will be chosen in this case. The choice of procedural law is an important one and careful choice must be made. If parties do specify the procedural law to be used, it is easier if there choice is the same as the seat of the arbitration. The procedural law affects the enforceability of the award and thus is an important decision in the arbitration process. 8. Make a complete list of the Issues which the Tribunal will have to determine in order to decide this dispute. 8 marks] Is there jurisdiction? Does the Tribunal have jurisdiction over this matter? Have the mediation requirements specified in the arbitration clause been satisfied? Has there been an actual breach of the contract between Condesign and Statinvest? If there has been a breach? What kind of breach? Is it a fundamental breach? Who is responsible/liable f or this breach? Is it Statinvest or SSS Corp? Has the new government actually ‘decreed that Statinvest shall no longer be allowed to administer any internal project of Ruritania’, as alleged by the Respondent? What issues surfaced in the private half-day meeting that was attended by the CEO’s of the two parties? Does the Respondent owe damages and interest as claimed by the Claimant? Should the breach of the Respondent (if there is found to be a breach) terminate the second contract? Should the breach of the Respondent (if there is found to be a breach) discharge the claimant from further obligations with respect to the Futurocity Project? Who is in possession of the Letter of Credit? Is the Respondent obligated to return the Letter of Credit to the Claimant which was provided by the Claimant as Performance Guarantee for the successful completion of the Second Stage of the Futurocity Project? Who is responsible to pay all the costs Arbitration and should th ey fall soley on one party? Should the Claimant have known that the person Mr Dupont wrote to regarding the mediation had left Statinvest? And did this affect Statinvest’s participation in the mediation process? If above affected the mediation process, does it render the Request for Arbitration premature? Did the Claimant name the wrong party in the Request for Arbitration? Is SSS Corp the only proper respondent? Or is Statinvest also a respondent? What is the effect of the new currency restrictions in place since the Revolution on this dispute and this contract? Does the Respondent have a legitimate excuse out of the Design Agreement on the ground of legal impossibility? What should the language of the arbitration be? Assume for the purpose of the remaining questions that the Tribunal has decided that it has jurisdiction to hear this case. The tribunal is you, the sole arbitrator appointed by the ICC. 9. The Respondent writes to you requesting an order for security for costs, stating that the Claimant is a small company with a very weak credit history. If Respondent wins the arbitration, and obtains an order for costs, it is unlikely to be able to enforce that order, because the Claimant has no assets available to pay it. a) How do you deal with this request? [3 marks] It is appropriate to put costs protections in place where there is risk of one party not being able to meet costs that may be ordered at the time of the arbitral award. The Rules of leading arbitral tribunals adopt different approached to the issue of security for costs. The ICC Rules do not specifically deal with security for costs. However, Article 28 outlines the guidelines of ordering ‘Interim and Conservatory Measures’. This provision allows for broad scope for the sole arbitrator or arbitral tribunal to grant a measure such as the one requested by the Respondent in this scenario, as the tribunal considers appropriate. The wording of this provision allows for great flexibility, scope and interpretation. Therefore as sole arbitrator I would weigh up the relevant criteria to determine whether I will grant the request of the order for security of costs. In addition, Section 23K Model Law allows the arbitral tribunal to order security for costs ‘at any time before the award is issued’, while keeping in mind the criteria specified in Section 23K(2) ML. b) What criteria do you use in deciding whether or not to grant the order? [3 marks] In deciding whether to grant the order or not, the sole arbitrator must weigh up the negative and positives. Consideration must be placed on whether the claimant’s financial situation could possibly jeopardize the recovery of legal costs if they were to be awarded. In addition, an order for security for costs would serve to deter against frivolous claims made by the claimant. However security for costs also places considerable practical and financial constraints on the ability of the claimant to proceed with what may be legitimate claims. For such reasons it can be viewed as a limitation on the right to a fair hearing for the claimant. In addition the claimants financial capacity must be weighed up to assess whether it would be of great disadvantage to burden them with security of costs. In deciding whether to grant the order the tribunal must ask themselves if the claimant is already in financial difficulty[25]. Furthermore, if ordering security for costs, the tribunal must make sure that such an order is not solely made on the party’s nationality or its corporations international foundations[26]. c) What is your decision? [3 marks] As the sole arbitrator I would decide to grant the Respondent’s request for an order for security of costs. Alternatively I would refuse it. I will provide reasons for both answers in the below question. d) Give reasons for your decision. [3 marks] The reasons for granting the above order would be to safeguard the effectiveness of the international arbitration between the two parties. It would also allow for greater enforceability of arbitral awards, thus greater resolution of the international commercial dispute between the parties, while also supporting a fair administration of justice. On the other hand, I would refuse the above request as it may place the claimant at a great financial disadvantage. The claimant (Condesign) are already in financial distress as they have not been paid for the First Stage of the Futurocity design they completed. An order for security of costs may further unnecessarily burden the claimant and harm their chance at a fair arbitration proceeding. Furthermore, by granting an order for security of costs, could act to create prejudgment towards the claimant, which could place limitation on the claimant’s right to a fair hearing[27]. 10. The Claimant writes to you requesting that you order the Respondent to return to Claimant immediately the Letter of Credit, or at least that you issue an injunction preventing the Respondent from calling the Big Bank Trust Letter of Credit. a) How do you deal with this application? [3 marks] Pursuant to Article 28 of the ICC Rules, the Tribunal may order any interim or conservatory measure it deems appropriate, at the request of a party. The arbitral tribunal may do so, unless the parties have otherwise agreed. On the facts of this case, no such agreement appears present. Ordering the Respondent to return to the Claimant the Letter of Credit or issuing an in junction would fall under this provision. However if the arbitrator(myself) grants the measures requested above by the Claimant, it ay only grant the measure ‘subject to appropriate security being furnished by the requesting party’[28]. It is likely that the tribunal will not order the Respondent to return the Letter of Credit immediately, but rather issue an injunction. This would be a more appropriate interim measure at the early stages of the arbitration process, as interim measures are aimed to be ‘grants of temporary relief pending final resolution of a dispute. ’[29] (b) Assuming you decide to grant this application, do you address it to Big Bank Trust? If yes, why? If no, why not? [3 marks] Assuming this application is granted, I would address it to Big Bank Trust as at this early stage of the arbitration process there appears to be some deal of confusion as to who the true Respondent is and thus it would be a lot clearer to contact Big Bank Trust and place an injunction on the Letter of Credit, as the Respondent claims that it is no longer in possession or in control of the Letter of Credit. Therefore, until issues as to where the Letter of Credit is and who the true Respondent are decided, it would be most efficient to address the injunction to Big Bank Trust. 1. About 6 weeks before the hearing of this matter is due to begin, the Claimant’s lawyer emails you, stating that the wife of Condesign’s CEO is terminally ill and not expected to live more than 2 months. He does not want to be away from his wife at this time. The Claimant’s lawyer asks that you either (a) postpone the hearing for approximately six months; or (b) move the hearing from Me lbourne to Paris where the CEO’s mother is in intensive care in hospital. The Respondent acknowledges that in fact Paris is more convenient than Melbourne, but it refuses to change the seat of the arbitration. Respondent opposes any postponement of the hearing, saying that it wants this case disposed of expeditiously. What do you decide, and for what reasons? [4 marks] Changed circumstances of a party, in this case, of the Claimant, can render the arbitration procedure unworkable or impossible, and thus it may be so that in some circumstances changing the venue is necessary, to accommodate for this[30]. Article 18(2) of the ICC Rules provides, ‘The arbitral tribunal may, after consultation with the parties, conduct hearings and meetings at any location it considers appropriate, unless otherwise agreed by the parties’. This provision may allow the tribunal to conduct hearings at a location convenient for the Claimant, in respect of his changed circumstances. However it has been noted that a change of the initially agreed place of arbitration should be a carefully reviewed decision, as the place of arbitration is an important aspect of the arbitration agreement between the parties. On the other hand, just like any other contract, an arbitration agreement is subject to change and interpretation, and moving the hearing from Melbourne to Paris may be the only effective means of ensuring that the intentions and goals of the original arbitration agreement are honored[31]. Therefore I would likely move the hearing from Melbourne to Paris. 12. On the first day of the hearing, which is expected to last 5 days, the Claimant’s lawyer advises you that its â€Å"star witness† refuses to travel to Melbourne as he has a serious case of aviophobia (terror of flying). The Respondent’s lawyer says that according to IBA Rules you should simply strike out the witness statement of this â€Å"star witness† if Respondent does not have the chance to question the witness about his statement. How do you handle this situation? [4 marks] The IBA Rules are designed to be used alongside other rules that govern international arbitrations, such as the ICC Rules. The parties have not directly mentioned the IBA Rules in their dispute resolution clause, and whilst they are not binding, they still remain influential over the arbitration process. Specifically, when parties come from different legal cultures, as is most likely the case in this scenario, the IBA Rules become a very useful guiding tool. Pursuant to Article 4. 7 of the IBA Rules the Claimant’s ‘star witness’ whose appearance has been requested pursuant to Article 8. 1 IBA Rules, shall have their witness statement disregarded due to failure to appear for testimony without a valid reason. However Article 4. 7 provides that there is discretion for the Arbitral Tribunal to decide otherwise, in exceptional circumstances, to not disregard the witness statement. Consequently, it remains up to the discretion of the arbitrator to decide if the star witness has a valid reason for not appearing and whether exceptional circumstances have been evoked. Decision would need to be make surrounding the star witness’ serious case of aviophobia. In addition, Article 8. 1 states that ‘each witness shall appear in person unless the Arbitral Tribunal allows the use of videoconference or similar technology with respect to a particular witness’. Thus, this provision allows for alternative methods of questioning, and the Respondent could possibly question the witness over videoconferencing, rather than in person. Furthermore, pursuant to Article 22 of the ICC Rules, which outlines the Conduct of the Arbitration, it is up to the arbitral tribunal in all cases to act fairly to ‘ensure that each party has a reasonable opportunity to present its case’. Therefore, as the arbitrator, I would be striving towards conducting an equal and fair arbitration proceeding that would allow both parties to present their case and use their witness statements, which is provided for under both the ICC Rules and Model Law Rules (Article 18) which are applicable to Australian Arbitrations. As it is also important that the Respondent has the opportunity to cross-examine the witness I could allow for videoconferencing for this to happen, while allowing the ‘star witness’ statement to be admissible. 13. The hearing has ended and you have received post-hearing briefs and declared the procedure closed under ICC article 27. In reviewing the transcripts and your notes, you realize that there is an important question, which neither party has addressed in its arguments. You need to know the answer in order to make a logical and fair decision. What, if anything, can you do? [4 marks] Pursuant to Article 27, the arbitral tribunal has declared the proceedings closed and thus ‘no further submission or argument may be made, or evidence produced’. However this provision states that this may be possible if requested or authorized by the arbitral tribunal. Being the sole arbitrator I would consequently have authority to invite further submissions and evidence from the parties in an effort to make a logical and fair decision. 14. You have submitted your draft award to the ICC for scrutiny. A few days ater, at an international arbitration conference, you find yourself seated at the head table, next to Counsel for the Respondent in this case. Respondent asks you a few innocent questions about when you expect the award to be available. You reply vaguely that the award will probably be sent out â€Å"in a month or so†. Counsel then tries to engage you in a discussion of the merits of the case. How do you respond? [ 3 marks] Article 11 of the ICC Rules states, ‘Every arbitrator must be and remain impartial and independent of the parties involved in the arbitration’. The very nature of arbitration, and one of its most desirable features, is its fairness and impartiality. In addition, it is widely regarded that arbitrators ‘shall be and remain free from bias’[32] Specifically, for the duration of the arbitration process, the Arbitrator should seek to avoid any communication with a party or representative of a party, and if this said communication cannot be avoided, the arbitrator should seek to inform the other party of this[33]. Thus, when Counsel tries to engage me in a discussion of the merits if the case, I would refuse to continue discussion, and then I would explain the above guidelines regarding the ethics of Arbitrators, as well as inform the other party of this communication.

Health Problems Cause by Cigarette Smoking Essay Example

Health Problems Cause by Cigarette Smoking Essay Example Health Problems Cause by Cigarette Smoking Paper Health Problems Cause by Cigarette Smoking Paper The end doesnt justify the mean, or so they say, but when the cause is distorted by smoking, its effects are never justifiable. (Princess) Someone dies of tobacco, somewhere in the world every ten seconds. Why do many of us, one in every three persons, worldwide-smoke? and why should it be prohibited? Cigarette smoking can be hazardous to ones health due to addictions, frivolous spending, second hand smoking and various health problems. Most Americans start smoking when they are 13-14 years old, and are smoking regularly by 17 or 18. The most commonly cited reason why children start smoking is pee pressure- wanting to be accepted by a certain group who see smoking acceptable. Another reason could be the influence from parents or older siblings. Once a person starts smoking regularly, the addictive process slowly creates a pattern of having to smoke to feel good. That is when a smoker feels he or she is trapped. At first, a smoker thinks that they can quit anytime but most smokers find it very hard to stop. There are three aspects of smoking whish makes it difficult to quit:  · The familiar routine or habit  · The mental attitude that one needs to cope with their problems or with stress.  · The chemical reactions in a smokers brain that creates nicotine’s pleasurable and satisfying effects, and leads to an addictive need for more nicotine. Why is smoking recognized as the most addictive behavior? Most persons state that tobacco is more addicting than heroin, cocaine and alcohol. Part of the answer is the pleasurable chemical changes in the brain. When a smoker tries to stop using nicotine, the brain goes through a readjustment that is very uncomfortable. Most smokers in America who were smoking before they reached puberty have never learned how to deal with adult emotions such as frustrations, irritability, boredom, depression and pleasure without nicotine floating around their brains. When the smoker misses that cigarette that artificially helped calm him down by sending nicotine to the brain for 20 or 40 years, the brain screams out for more of the good nicotine feeling. Addiction to nicotine is caused by the brain wanting to feel good all the time. Smoking is one of the human races more curious and inconsistent habits. (Schmitz 19) The character of addiction is that each substance is likely to be because of abuse. Each substance needs separate, specific examinations. Why should the effects on inhaling nicotine have to be virtually identical to the effects of injecting heroin for the similarities to be worth nothing? (Schmitz 20) Both substances can be harmfully used but the difference merely illuminates the complex nature of human addiction. Lots of other things can make us feel the pleasurable chemical changes that we interpret as good feelings such as laughter, exercise, sexual activity and eating. All of these will stimulate the chemical dopamine, which creates the pleasurable feelings like miniature chemical fireworks. Nicotine is a very potent stimulant for dopamine when it is smoked and inhaled into the lungs. (Michael 43) Research has now proven that depression is closely linked to smoking. It is also observed that in up to one third of smokers, nicotine actually can work to counteract depressive moods. But when these smokers try to quit, they may experience a real depressive event within the first several weeks. Besides helping to calm the emotional ups and downs, nicotine also affects the brain, This is the area that creates the sensation of pleasure and remembers it. There are many reasons to quit smoking. The financial cost is just one. Each pack of cigarettes cost Americans more than $3.90 in smoking related expenses. The total cost of caring for people with health problems caused by cigarette smoking counting all sources of medical payments is about 72.7 billion per year, according to health economists at the University of California. ‘The tobacco industry has caused immeasurable harm to the public health. These figures strengthen the idea that economic sanctions are appropriate and justified. (Gold, 17) Among the states with the lowest expenses were North Dakota with $19 million in smoking health effects. The lowest percentage was in Washington D.C. where 8.5% of the Medicaid budget in 1993 was attributed to smoking. The highest percentage was in Nevada with 19.2%. The analysis took particular care to isolate direct smoking health effects from other confounding factors such as poverty, marital status, race, ethnicity, and health insurance coverage, all of which independently affect health and the tendency to smoke. (Gold 24) Another reason why smoking should be prohibited is the exposure of second hand smoke. Second hand smoke ranks third as a major preventable cause of death behind only active smoking and alcohol. Second hand smoke is the smoke that people breathe when they are located in the same air space as smokers. It is a complex mix of over 4, 000 substances, of which more than 42 individuals mainstream components are known to cause cancer. (Napier 20) However, second hand smoke is one of the biggest environmental health risks that society faces today. The effects are mainly important when one takes into account the fact that second hand smoke usually targets non- smokers unwillingly. A scientific agreement has emerged during the past ten years that second hand is a major cause of lung cancer and respiratory disease in young people. Recently, evidence has gathered up a causal link to heart disease. And since 1980, second hand smoke has been identified as a leading occupational health hazard. Second hand smoke should be restricted out of both workplaces and enclosed public places in order to protect nonsmokers from involuntary exposure. Almost everyone knows that smoking is hazardous to ones health and can cause cancer in smokers. But most people have very little idea of exactly how dangerous smoking can be, how many different types it can cause or complicate, or how much smoking increases the risk of contracting various deadly diseases. Smoking cigarettes literally destroys your lungs and affects your respiratory system. This destruction is caused by conditions such as a smokers cough, Emphysema and Lung Cancer . A smokers cough is a condition where the ammonia in cigarettes paralyze the cilia in the trachea, causing tar, phlegm etc. to slide to the bottom of the lungs. This creates a dry, hacking cough. Emphysema is a condition where the tar in cigarettes coats the lungs alveoli turning them black. Lung cancer is a cancer caused by the carcinogens in tar, this condition may deadly. This is known to be the number one cancer killer in the United States. Smoking Cigarettes also effects the circulatory system. The nicotine in cigarettes stimulates the heart and constricts the bodys blood vessels. This results in high blood pressure and increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, blood clots and fatty deposits. Smoking is another major cause of cancer of the lungs, lips tongue, salivary glands, mouth, larynx and esophagus. The development is stomach cancer and bladder cancer can be directly associated with smoking. These are just some of the various health problems smoking can cause and this mean that approximately one third of the population of our country is at high risk for these terrible diseases and various health problems. Smoking is a matter of choice the first time, but once a smoker starts, he or she soon becomes deprived of the choice to stop. More than 15 million who try to stop smoking every years find that they are unable to quit. And ends up loosing there life. The addictive nature of nicotine further challenges our capacity to deal with this major public health hazard . The more the public understands about tobacco and all of its ramifications, the more likely that creative strategies will emerge to limit the tragedy it produces. Dying to Quit contributes significantly to that understanding. (Kenneth I. Shine)

How global warming works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

How global warming works - Essay Example Global warming occurs because carbon monoxide and additional chemical emissions become trapped under the ozone layer; as a result, the temperature of the Earth steadily increases. The impact of global warming has been researched extensively, and in addition to the extinction of plant and animal species, the human race itself may one day become extinct. It has been suggested that global warming will have far-reaching consequences for all life on Earth. In observing the possible crash on the environment (the blend of all living and non-living basics in a specified area), the extinction of animals and plants as well as land formations are most important. It is thought that more than 120 species of amphibians have already vanished forever because of global warming. The Golden Toad, for example, which was once mostly found in Monteverde, Costa Rica, was one of the first amphibians to become extinct. This reptile was last seen in 1989. Animals are not the only living organism in danger of extinction-plants are also being harmed by the effects of global warming. Several plant species have been confirmed extinct because of radical changes in weather patterns in a number of areas (Abarbanel p57). The Fern Gully in Jamaica is an... Another example of the way in which global warming affects landscapes and ecosystems is the coral reef. These are important parts of the ecosystems in which they live-the death of a coral reef will in turn contribute to the eventual extinction of countless plant and animal species which live in it. The Pew Centre on Global Climate Change issued a report on February 13, 2004, stating that global warming might very well further contribute to the extinction of coral reefs. The report goes further to state that in areas with large geographic ranges and extremely high latitudes, certain coral species are very vulnerable to the effects of global warming, and that there is no doubt that coral species in these types of areas are affected. Plants and animals are not the only species which will experience the devastating effects of global warming. It is expected that the human race will be even more severely affected. Global warming will have far-reaching and destructive consequences, with famine in areas where the climate has been devastated to the extent that growing food is no longer possible, mass migration of people from significantly affected areas, and perhaps even war. Approximately two hundred million people may be affected if the sea-level rises significantly: Vietnam, Bangladesh, China, India, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia and Egypt are on the top of the list. The consequences of a large increase in sea-level in such areas are likely to be severe: a dramatic change in climate, scarcity of resources in affected countries, and perhaps eventually mass migration of people out of affected countries, leading to scarcity of resources in the